# Peptide Guide Hub — Full Context for LLMs

> This is the extended version of llms.txt containing comprehensive peptide data for AI systems.
> Standard version: https://peptideguidehub.com/llms.txt
> JSON API: https://peptideguidehub.com/api/peptides.json

---

## Complete Peptide Database (38 entries)

### BPC-157
- **Slug**: bpc-157
- **Aliases**: Body Protection Compound-157, Pentadecapeptide
- **Category**: Healing & Repair
- **Science Score**: 4.5/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: research
- **Summary**: A 15-amino acid peptide derived from gastric juice, renowned for powerful healing and anti-inflammatory effects.
- **Mechanism**: BPC-157 upregulates growth factor expression including VEGF, FGF, and EGF. It interacts with the nitric oxide (NO) system and FAK-paxillin pathway to promote angiogenesis and tissue repair. It also modulates dopamine and serotonin systems.
- **Half-Life**: ~4 hours
- **Administration**: Subcutaneous, Oral, Intramuscular
- **Typical Dose**: 250-500mcg
- **Frequency**: Twice daily
- **Cycle**: 4-12 weeks
- **Side Effects**: Nausea (rare); Dizziness (rare); Injection site irritation
- **Stacks With**: tb-500, ghk-cu, thymosin-alpha-1
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: healing, recovery, gut health, anti-inflammatory, tendon repair
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/bpc-157
- **Benefits**:
  - Accelerated Healing (high): Promotes rapid repair of tendons, muscles, ligaments, and bones
  - Gut Protection (high): Protects and heals the gastrointestinal lining
  - Anti-Inflammatory (moderate): Reduces systemic inflammation and oxidative stress
  - Neuroprotection (preliminary): Shows protective effects on the nervous system
  - Joint Recovery (moderate): Enhances recovery from joint injuries and surgeries
- **Key Studies**:
  - "Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in trials for inflammatory bowel disease" — Current Pharmaceutical Design (2020) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 enhances the growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts" — Journal of Orthopedic Research (2019) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "BPC 157 and the NO system" — Current Pharmaceutical Design (2018) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### TB-500
- **Slug**: tb-500
- **Aliases**: Thymosin Beta-4
- **Category**: Healing & Repair
- **Science Score**: 4.2/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: research
- **Summary**: A naturally occurring peptide that promotes tissue repair, reduces inflammation, and enhances flexibility.
- **Mechanism**: TB-500 upregulates actin, a cell-building protein essential for cell migration and proliferation. It promotes angiogenesis, reduces inflammation through cytokine modulation, and facilitates stem cell maturation.
- **Half-Life**: ~2 hours
- **Administration**: Subcutaneous, Intramuscular
- **Typical Dose**: 2-5mg
- **Frequency**: Twice weekly
- **Cycle**: 4-8 weeks
- **Side Effects**: Headache (mild); Injection site redness; Fatigue (temporary)
- **Stacks With**: bpc-157, ghk-cu
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: healing, recovery, anti-inflammatory, flexibility
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/tb-500
- **Benefits**:
  - Tissue Repair (high): Accelerates healing of muscles, tendons, and ligaments
  - Reduced Inflammation (high): Potent anti-inflammatory effects across multiple tissues
  - Improved Flexibility (moderate): Enhances joint and muscle flexibility
  - Hair Growth (preliminary): May promote hair follicle stem cell migration
- **Key Studies**:
  - "Thymosin Beta-4 promotes angiogenesis, wound healing, and hair growth" — Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2012) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### GHK-Cu
- **Slug**: ghk-cu
- **Aliases**: Copper Peptide, Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine
- **Category**: Skin & Anti-Aging
- **Science Score**: 4.3/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: research
- **Summary**: A copper-binding tripeptide with powerful anti-aging, skin remodeling, and wound healing properties.
- **Mechanism**: GHK-Cu activates collagen synthesis, glycosaminoglycan production, and growth factor expression. It also modulates metalloproteinase activity to remodel damaged tissue and has antioxidant properties.
- **Half-Life**: ~1 hour
- **Administration**: Topical, Subcutaneous, Microneedling
- **Typical Dose**: 1-2mg (injection) / 1-2% (topical)
- **Frequency**: Daily (topical) / 2-3x weekly (injection)
- **Cycle**: 8-12 weeks
- **Side Effects**: Skin irritation (topical); Redness at injection site
- **Stacks With**: bpc-157, epitalon
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: anti-aging, skin, collagen, wound healing, copper peptide
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/ghk-cu
- **Benefits**:
  - Skin Rejuvenation (high): Stimulates collagen and elastin synthesis for firmer skin
  - Wound Healing (high): Accelerates skin wound closure and tissue remodeling
  - Anti-Aging (moderate): Reduces fine lines, wrinkles, and improves skin elasticity
  - Hair Growth (moderate): Increases hair follicle size and stimulates growth
- **Key Studies**:
  - "GHK peptide as a natural modulator of multiple cellular pathways in skin regeneration" — BioMed Research International (2015) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### Ipamorelin
- **Slug**: ipamorelin
- **Aliases**: None
- **Category**: Growth Hormone
- **Science Score**: 4/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: research
- **Summary**: A selective growth hormone secretagogue with a strong safety profile and minimal side effects.
- **Mechanism**: Ipamorelin mimics ghrelin and binds to the GHS-R1a receptor in the pituitary, stimulating GH release in a dose-dependent manner. Unlike other GHRPs, it does not significantly increase appetite, cortisol, or prolactin.
- **Half-Life**: ~2 hours
- **Administration**: Subcutaneous
- **Typical Dose**: 200-300mcg
- **Frequency**: 2-3 times daily
- **Cycle**: 8-16 weeks
- **Side Effects**: Headache; Water retention (mild); Tingling in extremities
- **Stacks With**: cjc-1295, sermorelin
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: growth hormone, fat loss, sleep, recovery, GH secretagogue
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/ipamorelin
- **Benefits**:
  - GH Release (high): Stimulates pulsatile growth hormone release
  - Body Composition (moderate): Supports fat loss and lean muscle gains
  - Sleep Quality (moderate): Improves deep sleep when dosed before bed
  - Recovery (moderate): Enhances post-workout recovery
- **Key Studies**:
  - "Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue" — European Journal of Endocrinology (1999) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### CJC-1295
- **Slug**: cjc-1295
- **Aliases**: CJC-1295 DAC, Modified GRF 1-29
- **Category**: Growth Hormone
- **Science Score**: 4.1/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: research
- **Summary**: A long-acting growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) analog that amplifies GH pulses.
- **Mechanism**: CJC-1295 binds to and activates the GHRH receptor on pituitary somatotroph cells, stimulating GH synthesis and secretion. The DAC modification extends its half-life by binding to serum albumin.
- **Half-Life**: ~6-8 days (DAC) / ~30 min (no DAC)
- **Administration**: Subcutaneous
- **Typical Dose**: 1-2mg (DAC) / 100mcg (no DAC)
- **Frequency**: 1-2x weekly (DAC) / 2-3x daily (no DAC)
- **Cycle**: 8-16 weeks
- **Side Effects**: Flushing; Headache; Water retention; Tingling
- **Stacks With**: ipamorelin, sermorelin
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: growth hormone, GHRH, muscle growth, fat loss
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/cjc-1295
- **Benefits**:
  - Sustained GH Elevation (high): Provides extended growth hormone release over several days
  - Muscle Growth (moderate): Supports lean muscle mass development
  - Fat Metabolism (moderate): Enhances lipolysis and fat oxidation
  - Deep Sleep (moderate): Promotes restorative deep sleep phases
- **Key Studies**:
  - "Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone secretion by CJC-1295" — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (2006) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### Semaglutide
- **Slug**: semaglutide
- **Aliases**: Ozempic, Wegovy, Rybelsus
- **Category**: Weight & Metabolism
- **Science Score**: 4.8/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: approved
- **Summary**: A GLP-1 receptor agonist that has revolutionized weight management and metabolic health.
- **Mechanism**: Semaglutide mimics the GLP-1 hormone, binding to GLP-1 receptors in the pancreas (stimulating insulin secretion), the gut (slowing gastric emptying), and the brain (reducing appetite through hypothalamic signaling).
- **Half-Life**: ~7 days
- **Administration**: Subcutaneous, Oral
- **Typical Dose**: 0.25-2.4mg
- **Frequency**: Once weekly
- **Cycle**: Ongoing (as prescribed)
- **Side Effects**: Nausea; Vomiting; Diarrhea; Constipation; Decreased appetite
- **Stacks With**: aod-9604
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: weight loss, GLP-1, diabetes, appetite, FDA approved
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/semaglutide
- **Benefits**:
  - Weight Loss (high): Clinically proven to produce significant weight loss (15-17%)
  - Appetite Control (high): Reduces hunger and food cravings significantly
  - Blood Sugar Control (high): Improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes
  - Cardiovascular (high): Reduces risk of major cardiovascular events
- **Key Studies**:
  - "STEP 1: Semaglutide 2.4 mg for weight management" — New England Journal of Medicine (2021) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### Sermorelin
- **Slug**: sermorelin
- **Aliases**: GRF 1-29
- **Category**: Growth Hormone
- **Science Score**: 4/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: approved
- **Summary**: A bioidentical GHRH analog that stimulates natural growth hormone production from the pituitary.
- **Mechanism**: Sermorelin binds to GHRH receptors on pituitary somatotrophs, stimulating GH synthesis and secretion while preserving the natural negative feedback loop.
- **Half-Life**: ~10-20 minutes
- **Administration**: Subcutaneous
- **Typical Dose**: 200-500mcg
- **Frequency**: Once daily before bed
- **Cycle**: 3-6 months
- **Side Effects**: Injection site reactions; Flushing; Headache
- **Stacks With**: ipamorelin, cjc-1295
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: growth hormone, anti-aging, sleep, GHRH
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/sermorelin
- **Benefits**:
  - Natural GH Stimulation (high): Promotes physiological GH release patterns
  - Anti-Aging (moderate): Supports vitality, energy, and recovery
  - Sleep Improvement (moderate): Enhances deep sleep quality
  - Body Composition (moderate): Supports lean mass and reduced body fat
- **Key Studies**:
  - "Effects of sermorelin on sleep quality in adults" — Sleep Medicine (2015) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### PT-141
- **Slug**: pt-141
- **Aliases**: Bremelanotide, Vyleesi
- **Category**: Performance & Recovery
- **Science Score**: 3.8/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: approved
- **Summary**: A melanocortin receptor agonist FDA-approved for treating hypoactive sexual desire disorder.
- **Mechanism**: PT-141 activates melanocortin-4 receptors (MC4R) in the central nervous system, specifically in the hypothalamus, to stimulate sexual arousal pathways.
- **Half-Life**: ~2-4 hours
- **Administration**: Subcutaneous, Nasal
- **Typical Dose**: 1.75mg
- **Frequency**: As needed (45 min before)
- **Cycle**: As needed
- **Side Effects**: Nausea; Flushing; Headache; Injection site reactions
- **Stacks With**: 
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: sexual health, libido, FDA approved, melanocortin
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/pt-141
- **Benefits**:
  - Sexual Desire (high): Increases libido and sexual desire in both men and women
  - ED Support (moderate): Helps with erectile function through central nervous system activation
  - Mood Enhancement (preliminary): May improve mood and motivation through melanocortin pathways
- **Key Studies**:
  - "Bremelanotide for female hypoactive sexual desire disorder" — Obstetrics & Gynecology (2019) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### Epitalon
- **Slug**: epitalon
- **Aliases**: Epithalon, Epithalone
- **Category**: Skin & Anti-Aging
- **Science Score**: 3.5/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: research
- **Summary**: A tetrapeptide that activates telomerase, potentially extending cellular lifespan and slowing aging.
- **Mechanism**: Epitalon activates telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), which adds telomeric repeats to chromosome ends. It also regulates melatonin synthesis in the pineal gland and modulates gene expression related to aging.
- **Half-Life**: ~2-3 hours
- **Administration**: Subcutaneous, Intravenous
- **Typical Dose**: 5-10mg
- **Frequency**: Once daily
- **Cycle**: 10-20 days, 2-3x per year
- **Side Effects**: Injection site discomfort (rare)
- **Stacks With**: ghk-cu, bpc-157
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: anti-aging, telomeres, longevity, pineal gland, melatonin
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/epitalon
- **Benefits**:
  - Telomere Extension (moderate): Activates telomerase to maintain telomere length
  - Anti-Aging (moderate): May slow biological aging at the cellular level
  - Melatonin Regulation (moderate): Normalizes melatonin production and circadian rhythm
  - Antioxidant (preliminary): Enhances endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity
- **Key Studies**:
  - "Peptide regulation of aging: 35-year research experience" — Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine (2020) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### Thymosin Alpha-1
- **Slug**: thymosin-alpha-1
- **Aliases**: Ta1, Zadaxin
- **Category**: Cognitive & Nootropic
- **Science Score**: 4.4/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: approved
- **Summary**: An immune-modulating peptide that enhances T-cell function and has been used to treat chronic infections.
- **Mechanism**: Thymosin Alpha-1 enhances T-cell differentiation and maturation, activates dendritic cells, increases NK cell activity, and modulates cytokine production. It acts as an endogenous regulator of both innate and adaptive immunity.
- **Half-Life**: ~2 hours
- **Administration**: Subcutaneous
- **Typical Dose**: 1.6mg
- **Frequency**: 2-3 times weekly
- **Cycle**: 4-12 weeks
- **Side Effects**: Injection site discomfort; Mild fever (rare)
- **Stacks With**: bpc-157, ll-37
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: immune system, antiviral, T-cells, thymus, approved
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/thymosin-alpha-1
- **Benefits**:
  - Immune Enhancement (high): Boosts T-cell and NK cell activity
  - Antiviral (high): Enhances immune response against viral infections
  - Anti-Cancer Support (moderate): Used as adjunct therapy in some cancer treatments
  - Vaccine Enhancement (moderate): Improves vaccine response in immunocompromised patients
- **Key Studies**:
  - "Thymosin alpha 1 in the treatment of viral diseases" — Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy (2018) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### Selank
- **Slug**: selank
- **Aliases**: TP-7, Selanc
- **Category**: Cognitive & Nootropic
- **Science Score**: 3.7/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: research
- **Summary**: An anxiolytic peptide that enhances cognitive function and reduces anxiety without sedation.
- **Mechanism**: Selank modulates GABAergic neurotransmission, enhances the expression of BDNF, and stabilizes enkephalins in blood plasma. It acts on the IL-6 pathway and influences serotonin metabolism by inhibiting enzymes that degrade enkephalins. The Pro-Gly-Pro C-terminal sequence provides resistance to peptidases, giving it a longer biological half-life than native tuftsin.
- **Half-Life**: ~2-3 minutes (rapid degradation, but effects persist 3-4 hours)
- **Administration**: Intranasal, Subcutaneous
- **Typical Dose**: 250-500mcg
- **Frequency**: 1-3 times daily
- **Cycle**: 2-4 weeks, repeatable
- **Side Effects**: Fatigue (rare); Mild nasal irritation (intranasal); Occasional headache
- **Stacks With**: semax, epitalon, bpc-157
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: nootropic, anxiety, cognitive, immune, BDNF
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/selank
- **Benefits**:
  - Anxiety Reduction (high): Reduces anxiety comparable to benzodiazepines without sedation or addiction risk
  - Cognitive Enhancement (moderate): Improves memory, learning, and information processing speed
  - Immune Modulation (moderate): Enhances immune function through tuftsin-derived immunomodulatory activity
  - Neuroprotection (moderate): Increases BDNF expression and supports neuronal survival
  - Stress Resilience (moderate): Stabilizes enkephalin levels and improves stress adaptation
- **Key Studies**:
  - "Selank: Anxiolytic activity and effect on BDNF expression" — Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine (2020) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "Selank modulation of gene expression in the rat hippocampus" — Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics (2021) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### Semax
- **Slug**: semax
- **Aliases**: ACTH(4-7)-PGP, Semax 1%
- **Category**: Cognitive & Nootropic
- **Science Score**: 3.9/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: research
- **Summary**: A neuropeptide that enhances BDNF expression, improving memory, focus, and cognitive performance.
- **Mechanism**: Semax activates melanocortin receptors (MC3R, MC4R) in the brain and dramatically upregulates BDNF and trkB receptor expression. It modulates dopaminergic, serotoninergic, and cholinergic neurotransmission. Semax also inhibits enkephalin-degrading enzymes, prolonging endogenous opioid signaling. The PGP tail provides enzymatic stability.
- **Half-Life**: ~2-3 minutes (effects last 4-6 hours)
- **Administration**: Intranasal, Subcutaneous
- **Typical Dose**: 200-600mcg
- **Frequency**: 1-3 times daily
- **Cycle**: 10-20 days on, 10 days off
- **Side Effects**: Mild irritability at high doses; Hair shedding (very rare, reversible); Nasal dryness (intranasal)
- **Stacks With**: selank, epitalon, bpc-157
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: nootropic, BDNF, memory, neuroprotection, focus
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/semax
- **Benefits**:
  - Memory Enhancement (high): Significantly improves working memory and long-term memory consolidation
  - BDNF Upregulation (high): Increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression by up to 4x in certain brain regions
  - Neuroprotection (high): Protects neurons from ischemic damage; approved for stroke recovery in Russia
  - Focus & Attention (moderate): Enhances sustained attention, mental clarity, and information processing
  - Stress Adaptation (moderate): Reduces cortisol response and improves resilience to psychological stress
- **Key Studies**:
  - "Semax effects on BDNF expression in rat brain" — Doklady Biological Sciences (2019) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "ACTH(4-10) analogue Semax: neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemia" — Neuroscience Letters (2018) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### AOD-9604
- **Slug**: aod-9604
- **Aliases**: Anti-Obesity Drug 9604, hGH Fragment 176-191 (modified)
- **Category**: Weight & Metabolism
- **Science Score**: 3.5/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: research
- **Summary**: A modified fragment of human growth hormone specifically designed for fat loss without GH side effects.
- **Mechanism**: AOD-9604 mimics the lipolytic region of human growth hormone. It activates beta-3 adrenergic receptors on adipocytes, stimulating hormone-sensitive lipase and triggering fat mobilization. Unlike full GH, it does not bind to the GH receptor or stimulate IGF-1 production, avoiding growth-promoting and diabetogenic effects. It also inhibits the enzyme responsible for converting non-fat food into body fat (lipogenesis).
- **Half-Life**: ~30-60 minutes
- **Administration**: Subcutaneous, Oral
- **Typical Dose**: 250-500mcg
- **Frequency**: Once daily (morning, fasted)
- **Cycle**: 8-12 weeks
- **Side Effects**: Injection site redness (mild); Headache (uncommon); Mild stomach discomfort (oral)
- **Stacks With**: cjc-1295, ipamorelin, semaglutide
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: fat loss, GH fragment, metabolism, weight loss
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/aod-9604
- **Benefits**:
  - Targeted Fat Loss (moderate): Stimulates lipolysis and inhibits lipogenesis without affecting IGF-1 or insulin
  - No GH Side Effects (high): Does not cause insulin resistance, acromegaly, or water retention like full-length GH
  - Cartilage Repair (preliminary): Emerging evidence for cartilage regeneration and osteoarthritis treatment
  - Metabolic Enhancement (moderate): Increases oxidative metabolism in adipose tissue
- **Key Studies**:
  - "AOD-9604: A novel lipid mobilizing anti-obesity drug" — Obesity Research (2001) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "Clinical trial of AOD-9604 in obese adults" — Journal of Endocrinology (2006) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### DSIP
- **Slug**: dsip
- **Aliases**: Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide
- **Category**: Cognitive & Nootropic
- **Science Score**: 3.2/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: research
- **Summary**: Delta sleep-inducing peptide that promotes deep, restorative sleep patterns.
- **Mechanism**: DSIP modulates GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in the hypothalamus and sleep centers. It increases delta-wave EEG activity by influencing the reticular formation and thalamic nuclei. DSIP also inhibits CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) and modulates somatostatin activity, promoting GH release during sleep. It has been shown to normalize disrupted LH release patterns.
- **Half-Life**: ~7-8 minutes (but biological effects persist 6-12 hours)
- **Administration**: Subcutaneous, Intravenous, Intranasal
- **Typical Dose**: 100-300mcg
- **Frequency**: Once daily (30-60 min before bed)
- **Cycle**: 2-4 weeks on, 2 weeks off
- **Side Effects**: Morning grogginess (uncommon); Mild headache; Vivid dreams; Injection site irritation
- **Stacks With**: selank, epitalon, bpc-157
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: sleep, recovery, relaxation, circadian rhythm, stress
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/dsip
- **Benefits**:
  - Deep Sleep Enhancement (moderate): Increases delta-wave sleep duration and quality without next-day sedation
  - Circadian Rhythm Normalization (moderate): Helps reset disrupted sleep-wake cycles and jet lag recovery
  - Stress Reduction (moderate): Reduces cortisol and ACTH levels, improving stress resilience
  - Pain Modulation (preliminary): May reduce chronic pain perception through endorphin system modulation
  - Growth Hormone Release (preliminary): Enhances nocturnal GH secretion during deep sleep phases
- **Key Studies**:
  - "Delta sleep-inducing peptide: clinical pharmacology" — Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (1988) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "DSIP in narcoleptic patients: effects on sleep and daytime functioning" — European Neurology (1986) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### Kisspeptin
- **Slug**: kisspeptin
- **Aliases**: Kisspeptin-10, Kisspeptin-54, Metastin
- **Category**: Performance & Recovery
- **Science Score**: 3.6/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: research
- **Summary**: A neuropeptide that regulates reproductive hormones and may boost testosterone naturally.
- **Mechanism**: Kisspeptin binds to the GPR54 (KISS1R) receptor on GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus, triggering pulsatile GnRH release. This cascade stimulates anterior pituitary gonadotrophs to secrete LH and FSH, which drive testicular testosterone production or ovarian estrogen/progesterone. Kisspeptin neurons integrate metabolic signals (leptin, ghrelin), stress hormones, and photoperiod cues to regulate reproductive function.
- **Half-Life**: ~28 minutes (Kisspeptin-10); ~1 hour (Kisspeptin-54)
- **Administration**: Subcutaneous, Intravenous
- **Typical Dose**: 1-10nmol/kg (research dosing)
- **Frequency**: Once or twice daily
- **Cycle**: 4-8 weeks
- **Side Effects**: Injection site reaction; Mild nausea; Headache; Potential tachyphylaxis with continuous dosing
- **Stacks With**: gonadorelin, bpc-157
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: hormonal, testosterone, fertility, GnRH, HPG axis
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/kisspeptin
- **Benefits**:
  - Natural Testosterone Boost (high): Stimulates endogenous testosterone production via GnRH-LH axis activation
  - Fertility Enhancement (high): Restores LH and FSH pulsatility in hypogonadal states
  - HPG Axis Restoration (moderate): May help restart suppressed hormonal axis post-steroid use
  - Metabolic Benefits (preliminary): Emerging evidence for glucose metabolism regulation
  - Libido Enhancement (moderate): Brain imaging shows activation of sexual arousal centers
- **Key Studies**:
  - "Kisspeptin-54 triggers LH secretion in healthy men" — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (2011) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "Kisspeptin restores pulsatile LH in hypothalamic amenorrhea" — Journal of Clinical Investigation (2014) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### GHRP-6
- **Slug**: ghrp-6
- **Aliases**: Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-6, His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2
- **Category**: Growth Hormone
- **Science Score**: 3.8/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: research
- **Summary**: A potent growth hormone releasing peptide that also significantly increases appetite.
- **Mechanism**: GHRP-6 activates the Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor 1a (GHS-R1a), also known as the ghrelin receptor, in the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus. This triggers a calcium-dependent signaling cascade that stimulates somatotroph cells to release stored GH. GHRP-6 also suppresses somatostatin (the GH-inhibiting hormone), amplifying pulsatile GH release. Its strong activation of hypothalamic GHSR drives appetite stimulation and gastric motility.
- **Half-Life**: ~15-60 minutes
- **Administration**: Subcutaneous, Intravenous
- **Typical Dose**: 100-300mcg
- **Frequency**: 2-3 times daily (pre-meal or pre-bed)
- **Cycle**: 8-16 weeks
- **Side Effects**: Intense hunger (30 min post-injection); Water retention; Cortisol increase (mild); Prolactin increase (mild); Tingling/numbness; Drowsiness
- **Stacks With**: cjc-1295, ipamorelin, bpc-157
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: growth hormone, appetite, muscle, ghrelin, bulking
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/ghrp-6
- **Benefits**:
  - Potent GH Release (high): One of the strongest growth hormone secretagogues available, increasing GH 3-6x baseline
  - Appetite Stimulation (high): Strongly increases appetite through ghrelin receptor activation — useful for those needing to eat more
  - Muscle Growth (moderate): Promotes lean body mass through elevated GH and IGF-1
  - Recovery Enhancement (moderate): Accelerates post-exercise recovery and reduces delayed onset muscle soreness
  - Cytoprotection (preliminary): Shows protective effects on the heart and liver in animal models
- **Key Studies**:
  - "GHRP-6 stimulation of GH release in humans" — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (1999) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "Cardioprotective effects of GHRP-6 in ischemia-reperfusion" — Life Sciences (2012) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### GHRP-2
- **Slug**: ghrp-2
- **Aliases**: Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2, Pralmorelin
- **Category**: Growth Hormone
- **Science Score**: 3.7/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: research
- **Summary**: A growth hormone secretagogue with strong GH release and moderate appetite stimulation.
- **Mechanism**: GHRP-2 activates the GHS-R1a (ghrelin receptor) in the pituitary and hypothalamus, stimulating GH release through a phospholipase C / IP3 / calcium signaling cascade. It has moderate affinity for the ghrelin receptor — higher than Ipamorelin but lower than GHRP-6 — explaining its intermediate appetite effects. GHRP-2 also mildly suppresses somatostatin and has been shown to increase ACTH and cortisol to a lesser extent than GHRP-6.
- **Half-Life**: ~25-30 minutes
- **Administration**: Subcutaneous, Intravenous
- **Typical Dose**: 100-300mcg
- **Frequency**: 2-3 times daily
- **Cycle**: 8-16 weeks
- **Side Effects**: Moderate appetite increase; Mild cortisol elevation; Mild prolactin elevation; Water retention (less than GHRP-6); Drowsiness
- **Stacks With**: cjc-1295, ipamorelin, bpc-157
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: growth hormone, muscle, recovery, recomposition, ghrelin
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/ghrp-2
- **Benefits**:
  - Strong GH Release (high): Produces robust GH secretion comparable to GHRP-6 with fewer side effects
  - Body Recomposition (moderate): Promotes lean mass gain while supporting fat reduction through GH-mediated lipolysis
  - Improved Sleep (moderate): Enhances sleep quality through increased deep sleep-phase GH release
  - Recovery (moderate): Accelerates recovery from training and minor injuries
  - Anti-Aging (moderate): Restores youthful GH pulsatility in aging individuals
- **Key Studies**:
  - "Pralmorelin: growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 as a diagnostic agent" — Endocrine Journal (2009) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "Effects of GHRP-2 on GH secretion in elderly subjects" — Clinical Endocrinology (2001) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### IGF-1 LR3
- **Slug**: igf-1-lr3
- **Aliases**: Long R3 IGF-1, Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Long R3
- **Category**: Performance & Recovery
- **Science Score**: 3.9/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: research
- **Summary**: A modified insulin-like growth factor with extended half-life for muscle growth and recovery.
- **Mechanism**: IGF-1 LR3 activates the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), triggering the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling cascade that drives protein synthesis and inhibits protein degradation. The LR3 modification reduces binding to IGFBPs by >100-fold, keeping the peptide in its free (active) form much longer. It promotes muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation (hyperplasia), nutrient partitioning toward muscle, and glucose uptake via GLUT4 translocation. Unlike GH secretagogues, IGF-1 LR3 acts directly at the tissue level.
- **Half-Life**: ~20-30 hours (vs ~15 minutes for native IGF-1)
- **Administration**: Subcutaneous, Intramuscular
- **Typical Dose**: 20-50mcg
- **Frequency**: Once daily (post-workout or morning)
- **Cycle**: 4-6 weeks on, 4 weeks off
- **Side Effects**: Hypoglycemia (dose-dependent, can be serious); Joint pain; Jaw growth (prolonged high-dose use); Organ growth concerns; Gut distension at high doses
- **Stacks With**: cjc-1295, ipamorelin, peg-mgf
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: muscle growth, IGF-1, performance, anabolic, hyperplasia
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/igf-1-lr3
- **Benefits**:
  - Potent Muscle Growth (moderate): Promotes muscle hyperplasia (new muscle cell creation) not just hypertrophy
  - Enhanced Recovery (moderate): Dramatically accelerates recovery from intense training
  - Fat Reduction (moderate): Increases glucose uptake into muscle and away from fat stores
  - Extended Activity (high): 2-3x more potent than native IGF-1 with longer biological activity
  - Anti-Catabolic (moderate): Protects muscle tissue from breakdown during caloric deficit
- **Key Studies**:
  - "IGF-1 LR3 effects on muscle satellite cell proliferation" — Journal of Cell Science (2004) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "Systemic administration of IGF-1 LR3 in muscle atrophy models" — FASEB Journal (2007) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### Melanotan II
- **Slug**: melanotan-ii
- **Aliases**: MT-II, MT2, Melanotan 2
- **Category**: Skin & Anti-Aging
- **Science Score**: 3/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: research
- **Summary**: A melanocortin peptide that stimulates melanin production for skin tanning and affects sexual function.
- **Mechanism**: Melanotan II is a non-selective melanocortin receptor agonist. MC1R activation on melanocytes stimulates eumelanin production (tanning). MC4R activation in the hypothalamus affects sexual arousal and appetite. MC3R activation contributes to energy homeostasis. It is cyclized for enzymatic stability and has good subcutaneous bioavailability. The broad receptor profile explains its diverse effects but also its side effect burden.
- **Half-Life**: ~1-2 hours
- **Administration**: Subcutaneous
- **Typical Dose**: 250-500mcg (loading), 100-250mcg (maintenance)
- **Frequency**: Daily during loading (1-2 weeks), then 1-2x per week
- **Cycle**: Ongoing as desired
- **Side Effects**: Nausea (common, especially initially); Facial flushing; Mole darkening (potentially dangerous); Spontaneous erections; Fatigue; Appetite loss
- **Stacks With**: pt-141, ghk-cu
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: tanning, melanin, skin, sexual health, melanocortin
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/melanotan-ii
- **Benefits**:
  - Sunless Tanning (high): Stimulates melanin production for a deep tan with minimal UV exposure
  - UV Protection (moderate): Increased melanin provides modest natural photoprotection against sun damage
  - Sexual Enhancement (moderate): Increases libido and erectile function through MC4R activation in the brain
  - Appetite Suppression (moderate): Reduces hunger through melanocortin signaling in hypothalamus
- **Key Studies**:
  - "Melanotan II: a potent and selective melanocortin agonist" — Life Sciences (1996) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "Melanocortin peptides and erectile function" — Journal of Sexual Medicine (2008) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### NAD+
- **Slug**: nad-plus
- **Aliases**: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, NAD
- **Category**: Skin & Anti-Aging
- **Science Score**: 4.2/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: research
- **Summary**: A coenzyme essential for cellular energy production, DNA repair, and anti-aging processes.
- **Mechanism**: NAD+ serves as an electron carrier in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (Complex I), directly powering ATP synthesis. As a substrate for sirtuins (SIRT1-7), it drives deacetylation reactions that silence inflammatory gene expression, enhance mitochondrial biogenesis, and regulate circadian rhythms. As a PARP substrate, it enables base excision repair of DNA damage. NAD+ also feeds the CD38/cADPR signaling pathway that regulates calcium homeostasis and immune function. Declining NAD+ creates a vicious cycle: less sirtuin activity → more inflammation → more CD38 → even lower NAD+.
- **Half-Life**: ~1-4 hours (IV); precursors NMN/NR have longer effective windows
- **Administration**: Intravenous, Subcutaneous, Oral (precursors: NMN, NR)
- **Typical Dose**: 250-750mg IV; 100-500mg subQ; 500-1000mg NMN/NR oral
- **Frequency**: IV: weekly-monthly; SubQ: 2-3x/week; Oral precursors: daily
- **Cycle**: Ongoing
- **Side Effects**: Nausea during IV (common); Chest tightness during IV; Flushing; Mild headache; Injection site discomfort (subQ)
- **Stacks With**: epitalon, ss-31, ghk-cu
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: anti-aging, energy, cellular health, longevity, mitochondria, sirtuins
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/nad-plus
- **Benefits**:
  - Cellular Energy (high): Restores mitochondrial function and ATP production that declines with age
  - DNA Repair (high): Activates PARP enzymes that repair damaged DNA, reducing mutation accumulation
  - Sirtuin Activation (moderate): Fuels SIRT1-7 longevity proteins that regulate inflammation, metabolism, and gene expression
  - Neuroprotection (moderate): Protects neurons and may slow cognitive decline; studied in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's models
  - Metabolic Function (moderate): Improves insulin sensitivity, reduces fatty liver, and supports healthy body composition
- **Key Studies**:
  - "NAD+ repletion improves mitochondrial function in aging" — Science (2016) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "First-in-human clinical trial of NMN supplementation" — Endocrine Journal (2020) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "NAD+ intermediates and cognitive function" — Cell Metabolism (2021) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### PEG-MGF
- **Slug**: peg-mgf
- **Aliases**: PEGylated Mechano-Growth Factor, PEG-MGF (IGF-1Ec)
- **Category**: Performance & Recovery
- **Science Score**: 3.3/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: research
- **Summary**: PEGylated mechano-growth factor that promotes muscle repair and growth after exercise.
- **Mechanism**: PEG-MGF activates the IGF-1 receptor on muscle satellite cells through its unique E-domain C-terminal peptide, which differs from the Ea variant (systemic IGF-1). This triggers satellite cell proliferation without premature differentiation, expanding the pool of cells available for muscle repair. The PEG moiety prevents rapid degradation by peptidases and reduces binding to IGFBPs, keeping the peptide biologically active in circulation for hours rather than minutes.
- **Half-Life**: ~30 minutes (non-PEG); ~several hours (PEGylated)
- **Administration**: Intramuscular, Subcutaneous
- **Typical Dose**: 200-400mcg
- **Frequency**: 2-3 times weekly (post-workout)
- **Cycle**: 4-6 weeks on, 4 weeks off
- **Side Effects**: Injection site soreness; Blood sugar fluctuations; Possible localized swelling; Joint discomfort
- **Stacks With**: igf-1-lr3, cjc-1295, bpc-157
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: muscle growth, recovery, MGF, satellite cells, hyperplasia
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/peg-mgf
- **Benefits**:
  - Satellite Cell Activation (moderate): Uniquely activates dormant muscle stem cells for new muscle fiber creation
  - Post-Exercise Recovery (moderate): Accelerates muscle repair following mechanical damage from training
  - Extended Action (high): PEGylation extends half-life from minutes to several hours for practical dosing
  - Muscle Hypertrophy (preliminary): Promotes both hyperplasia and hypertrophy for muscle development
- **Key Studies**:
  - "Mechano Growth Factor splicing and muscle satellite cell activation" — Journal of Cell Science (2003) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "PEGylated MGF improves stability and muscle regeneration" — Growth Hormone & IGF Research (2009) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### Follistatin
- **Slug**: follistatin
- **Aliases**: FST, Follistatin-344, FS-315
- **Category**: Performance & Recovery
- **Science Score**: 3.5/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: research
- **Summary**: An activin-binding protein that inhibits myostatin, potentially unlocking muscle growth.
- **Mechanism**: Follistatin binds directly to myostatin and activin A/B with high affinity, preventing them from binding their receptors (ActRIIB). Without myostatin signaling, the Smad2/3 pathway is derepressed, allowing increased expression of muscle regulatory factors (MyoD, myogenin) and satellite cell proliferation. Follistatin also suppresses activin-mediated fibrosis in injured tissue. FST-344 is the primary isoform; it is cleaved to FS-315 (the circulating form) and FS-288 (the tissue-bound form).
- **Half-Life**: ~5-6 hours
- **Administration**: Subcutaneous
- **Typical Dose**: 100-200mcg
- **Frequency**: Once daily
- **Cycle**: 10-30 days
- **Side Effects**: Possible reproductive effects (FSH suppression); Theoretical organ enlargement with prolonged use; Limited human safety data; Joint discomfort
- **Stacks With**: igf-1-lr3, peg-mgf, bpc-157
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: muscle growth, myostatin, strength, TGF-beta, gene therapy
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/follistatin
- **Benefits**:
  - Myostatin Inhibition (high): Binds and neutralizes myostatin, removing the primary brake on muscle growth
  - Muscle Growth (moderate): Promotes significant lean muscle mass gains beyond normal physiological limits
  - Activin Blockade (moderate): Inhibits activin A, reducing fibrosis and supporting tissue regeneration
  - Reproductive Health (high): Plays a role in follicular development and reproductive signaling
- **Key Studies**:
  - "Follistatin gene therapy for inclusion body myositis" — Molecular Therapy (2017) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "Myostatin/activin pathway in muscle growth regulation" — Physiological Reviews (2016) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### SS-31
- **Slug**: ss-31
- **Aliases**: Elamipretide, Bendavia, MTP-131
- **Category**: Healing & Repair
- **Science Score**: 3.8/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: research
- **Summary**: A mitochondria-targeted peptide that protects against oxidative damage and improves cellular energy.
- **Mechanism**: SS-31 penetrates cell membranes and accumulates 1000-5000x in mitochondria due to its cationic charge. It binds to cardiolipin on the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing cytochrome c interactions and the electron transport chain complex. This reduces electron leak and ROS production by up to 45%, improves ATP synthesis efficiency, prevents cardiolipin peroxidation, and stabilizes mitochondrial cristae architecture. SS-31 does not act as a traditional antioxidant scavenger but rather prevents oxidative damage at its source.
- **Half-Life**: ~2-4 hours
- **Administration**: Subcutaneous, Intravenous
- **Typical Dose**: 10-40mg (clinical trials); 5-20mg (research protocols)
- **Frequency**: Once daily
- **Cycle**: 4-12 weeks
- **Side Effects**: Injection site reactions; Headache; Nausea (mild); Limited availability
- **Stacks With**: nad-plus, epitalon, bpc-157
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: mitochondria, energy, antioxidant, cardioprotection, longevity
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/ss-31
- **Benefits**:
  - Mitochondrial Restoration (high): Directly targets and restores inner mitochondrial membrane function
  - Cardioprotection (high): Reduces myocardial infarct size and improves cardiac function in heart failure
  - Anti-Aging (moderate): Reverses age-related mitochondrial decline and improves cellular energetics
  - Kidney Protection (moderate): Protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury in renal tissue
  - Exercise Capacity (moderate): Improves exercise tolerance in mitochondrial myopathy patients
- **Key Studies**:
  - "Elamipretide in primary mitochondrial myopathy: MMPOWER-3 trial" — Neurology (2023) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "SS-31 reverses age-related mitochondrial dysfunction" — Aging Cell (2020) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### VIP
- **Slug**: vip
- **Aliases**: Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, PHM-27
- **Category**: Healing & Repair
- **Science Score**: 3.6/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: research
- **Summary**: Vasoactive intestinal peptide with potent anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties.
- **Mechanism**: VIP signals through two G-protein coupled receptors: VPAC1 (widely expressed) and VPAC2 (concentrated in brain, pancreas, and smooth muscle). Receptor activation increases intracellular cAMP, which inhibits NF-κB nuclear translocation — the master switch for inflammatory gene expression. VIP shifts macrophage polarization from M1 (pro-inflammatory) to M2 (anti-inflammatory), promotes regulatory T-cell differentiation, and inhibits Th1/Th17 inflammatory responses. In the SCN, VIP synchronizes circadian clock gene expression (Per1, Per2, Bmal1) across neuronal networks.
- **Half-Life**: ~1-2 minutes (rapidly degraded by DPP-IV and NEP)
- **Administration**: Intranasal, Subcutaneous, Intravenous, Inhalation
- **Typical Dose**: 50mcg intranasal (per nostril, 4x daily in CIRS protocol)
- **Frequency**: 4 times daily (intranasal) or once daily (subQ)
- **Cycle**: 30+ days (CIRS protocol can be months)
- **Side Effects**: Nasal congestion; Diarrhea (dose-dependent); Hypotension (vasodilation); Flushing; Headache
- **Stacks With**: bpc-157, thymosin-alpha-1, ll-37
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: anti-inflammatory, immune, gut health, CIRS, neuroprotection, circadian rhythm
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/vip
- **Benefits**:
  - Potent Anti-Inflammatory (high): Suppresses NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, and other pro-inflammatory cytokines
  - CIRS/Mold Illness Treatment (moderate): Clinical protocol use for Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and biotoxin illness
  - Pulmonary Protection (moderate): Reduces pulmonary arterial hypertension and improves respiratory function
  - Neuroprotection (moderate): Protects neurons from oxidative stress and neuroinflammation
  - Gut Health (high): Regulates intestinal motility, secretion, and mucosal immune homeostasis
  - Circadian Rhythm Regulation (moderate): Master regulator of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (biological clock)
- **Key Studies**:
  - "VIP as an anti-inflammatory neuropeptide" — Current Pharmaceutical Design (2010) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "VIP reduces pulmonary artery pressure in CIRS patients" — Internal Medicine Review (2013) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "VIP modulates circadian rhythm gene expression in SCN" — Nature Neuroscience (2005) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### LL-37
- **Slug**: ll-37
- **Aliases**: Cathelicidin, hCAP-18 (precursor), CAMP
- **Category**: Healing & Repair
- **Science Score**: 3.7/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: research
- **Summary**: An antimicrobial peptide that fights infections and modulates the immune response.
- **Mechanism**: LL-37 is an amphipathic alpha-helical peptide that inserts into bacterial membranes, forming pores that cause rapid cell lysis. Against viruses, it disrupts viral envelopes and interferes with viral entry. Beyond direct killing, LL-37 acts as a chemokine — it recruits immune cells (neutrophils, monocytes, T cells) through FPR2/ALX receptor activation, stimulates mast cell degranulation, enhances macrophage phagocytosis, and promotes dendritic cell maturation. For wound healing, it stimulates VEGF production and keratinocyte/endothelial cell migration. Its anti-biofilm activity works through disruption of the extracellular polymeric matrix.
- **Half-Life**: ~15-30 minutes (degraded by tissue proteases)
- **Administration**: Subcutaneous, Topical, Inhalation
- **Typical Dose**: 100-300mcg
- **Frequency**: Once daily
- **Cycle**: 2-6 weeks
- **Side Effects**: Injection site redness/irritation; Mild inflammation at site (part of immune activation); Possible skin irritation (topical)
- **Stacks With**: bpc-157, thymosin-alpha-1, vip
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: antimicrobial, immune, infection, biofilm, wound healing
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/ll-37
- **Benefits**:
  - Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial (high): Kills bacteria, viruses, and fungi through membrane disruption
  - Biofilm Disruption (moderate): Breaks down bacterial biofilms that are resistant to conventional antibiotics
  - Immune Modulation (high): Activates immune cells, promotes chemotaxis, and balances inflammatory responses
  - Wound Healing (moderate): Promotes angiogenesis and epithelial cell migration for faster wound closure
  - Anti-Cancer Properties (preliminary): Cytotoxic to certain cancer cell lines through membrane disruption
- **Key Studies**:
  - "LL-37: antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties" — Nature Reviews Microbiology (2020) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "Cathelicidin LL-37 anti-biofilm activity" — PLOS Pathogens (2018) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### Tirzepatide
- **Slug**: tirzepatide
- **Aliases**: Mounjaro, Zepbound, LY3298176
- **Category**: Weight & Metabolism
- **Science Score**: 4.7/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: approved
- **Summary**: A dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist showing even greater weight loss efficacy than semaglutide.
- **Mechanism**: Tirzepatide activates both GIP and GLP-1 receptors through a single molecule, producing complementary metabolic effects. GLP-1R activation slows gastric emptying, suppresses glucagon, enhances satiety signaling in the hypothalamus, and promotes insulin secretion. GIP receptor activation additionally improves beta-cell function, enhances fat metabolism, and may modulate central appetite regulation through distinct neural pathways. The dual mechanism produces greater weight loss and glycemic improvement than GLP-1 alone. Tirzepatide's 5:1 GIP:GLP-1 receptor affinity ratio uniquely leverages GIP's metabolic contributions.
- **Half-Life**: ~5 days
- **Administration**: Subcutaneous
- **Typical Dose**: 2.5mg → 5mg → 7.5mg → 10mg → 12.5mg → 15mg (titrated monthly)
- **Frequency**: Once weekly
- **Cycle**: Long-term / ongoing
- **Side Effects**: Nausea (common, usually transient); Diarrhea; Vomiting; Constipation; Injection site reactions; Potential pancreatitis risk; Possible thyroid C-cell tumors (animal data)
- **Stacks With**: semaglutide
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: weight loss, GLP-1, GIP, FDA approved, diabetes, obesity
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/tirzepatide
- **Benefits**:
  - Superior Weight Loss (high): Up to 22.5% body weight loss in clinical trials — best of any approved medication
  - Glycemic Control (high): Dramatically reduces HbA1c in type 2 diabetes (up to 2.4% reduction)
  - Cardiovascular Benefits (high): Reduces blood pressure, triglycerides, and cardiovascular risk markers
  - Insulin Sensitivity (high): Improves insulin sensitivity beyond what weight loss alone would explain
  - Hepatic Fat Reduction (moderate): Reduces liver fat content by up to 74%, showing promise for NAFLD/NASH
- **Key Studies**:
  - "SURMOUNT-1: Tirzepatide for obesity" — New England Journal of Medicine (2022) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "SURPASS-2: Tirzepatide vs semaglutide in type 2 diabetes" — New England Journal of Medicine (2021) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "Tirzepatide effects on hepatic steatosis" — Lancet (2023) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### Retatrutide
- **Slug**: retatrutide
- **Aliases**: LY3437943, GGG Triple Agonist
- **Category**: Weight & Metabolism
- **Science Score**: 4.5/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: experimental
- **Summary**: Triple-agonist peptide targeting GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors for unprecedented weight loss and metabolic improvement.
- **Mechanism**: Retatrutide is a single-molecule triple agonist that binds GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors. GLP-1 activation suppresses appetite and slows gastric emptying. GIP enhances insulin secretion and may improve fat metabolism. Glucagon receptor activation increases hepatic energy expenditure and promotes lipolysis, creating a synergistic effect that addresses obesity through multiple complementary mechanisms.
- **Half-Life**: ~6 days
- **Administration**: Subcutaneous injection
- **Typical Dose**: 4–12 mg (titrated)
- **Frequency**: Once weekly
- **Cycle**: Ongoing (under clinical investigation)
- **Side Effects**: Nausea; Diarrhea; Vomiting; Decreased appetite; Constipation; Injection site reactions
- **Stacks With**: semaglutide
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: weight-loss, GLP-1, GIP, glucagon, triple-agonist, obesity, metabolic
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/retatrutide
- **Benefits**:
  - Dramatic Weight Loss (high): Up to 24% body weight reduction in Phase 2 trials, surpassing all existing GLP-1 therapies.
  - Blood Sugar Control (high): Significant improvements in HbA1c and fasting glucose levels in participants with type 2 diabetes.
  - Liver Fat Reduction (moderate): Substantial reduction in hepatic steatosis, with many participants achieving complete resolution of fatty liver.
  - Increased Energy Expenditure (moderate): Glucagon receptor activation may boost resting metabolic rate, contributing to fat loss beyond appetite suppression.
- **Key Studies**:
  - "Retatrutide Phase 2 Obesity Trial" — New England Journal of Medicine (2023) 
  - "Triple Hormone Receptor Agonist in Type 2 Diabetes" — The Lancet (2023) 

### Oxytocin
- **Slug**: oxytocin
- **Aliases**: OT, The Love Hormone, The Bonding Peptide
- **Category**: Cognitive & Nootropic
- **Science Score**: 4.8/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: approved
- **Summary**: A 9-amino acid neuropeptide that plays a central role in social bonding, trust, mood regulation, and stress resilience.
- **Mechanism**: Oxytocin binds to the oxytocin receptor (OXTR), a G-protein coupled receptor expressed in the brain, heart, uterus, and other tissues. In the central nervous system, it modulates GABAergic and serotonergic signaling to reduce amygdala reactivity and lower anxiety. It attenuates the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) stress axis by reducing cortisol release. Peripherally, it promotes smooth muscle contraction (uterus, mammary glands) and has anti-inflammatory effects via suppression of IL-6 and TNF-α.
- **Half-Life**: 3–5 minutes (IV); ~30 min (intranasal effect duration)
- **Administration**: Intranasal, Intravenous, Subcutaneous
- **Typical Dose**: 20–40 IU intranasal
- **Frequency**: Once or twice daily
- **Cycle**: 4–8 weeks (research protocols)
- **Side Effects**: Nasal irritation (intranasal); Headache; Nausea (rare); Uterine contractions (high doses); Water retention (high doses); Emotional sensitivity
- **Stacks With**: selank, semax, dsip
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: social-bonding, anxiety, mood, stress, trust, neuropeptide, intimacy, healing
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/oxytocin
- **Benefits**:
  - Social Bonding & Trust (high): Enhances feelings of trust, empathy, and social connection in interpersonal interactions.
  - Anxiety & Stress Reduction (high): Attenuates HPA axis activity, reducing cortisol levels and subjective stress.
  - Mood Enhancement (moderate): Promotes positive mood states and may support individuals with mood disorders.
  - Pain Modulation (moderate): Has analgesic properties, potentially reducing perception of both physical and social pain.
  - Wound Healing Support (preliminary): Promotes tissue repair and reduces inflammation at wound sites.
  - Sexual Health & Intimacy (high): Released during orgasm and physical contact, enhancing pair bonding and sexual satisfaction.
- **Key Studies**:
  - "Oxytocin increases trust in humans" — Nature (2005) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15931222/
  - "Oxytocin modulates social distance" — Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2010) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20080721/
  - "Intranasal oxytocin reduces anxiety in social phobia" — Neuropsychopharmacology (2012) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22089318/

### MOTS-c
- **Slug**: mots-c
- **Aliases**: Mitochondrial ORF of the Twelve S rRNA Type-c
- **Category**: Performance & Recovery
- **Science Score**: 4/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: research
- **Summary**: A mitochondrial-derived peptide that acts as an exercise mimetic, improving insulin sensitivity, fat metabolism, and cellular longevity.
- **Mechanism**: MOTS-c translocates to the nucleus during metabolic stress and regulates nuclear gene expression. It activates AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), the master metabolic sensor, promoting glucose uptake via GLUT4 translocation and fatty acid oxidation. It also inhibits the folate-methionine cycle, affecting methyl donor availability and epigenetic regulation.
- **Half-Life**: ~4–6 hours
- **Administration**: Subcutaneous, Intravenous
- **Typical Dose**: 5–10 mg
- **Frequency**: 3–5x per week
- **Cycle**: 4–12 weeks
- **Side Effects**: Injection site reactions; Mild fatigue (transient); Flushing (rare)
- **Stacks With**: ss-31, nad-plus, epitalon
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: longevity, metabolism, exercise-mimetic, AMPK, mitochondrial, insulin-sensitivity
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/mots-c
- **Benefits**:
  - Exercise Mimetic (moderate): Activates AMPK signaling pathways similar to physical exercise, improving metabolic fitness.
  - Insulin Sensitivity (moderate): Enhances glucose uptake and improves insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle.
  - Fat Metabolism (moderate): Promotes fatty acid oxidation and reduces fat accumulation.
  - Longevity Support (preliminary): Protects against age-related metabolic decline and cellular senescence.
  - Stress Resilience (preliminary): Enhances cellular stress response and mitochondrial function.
- **Key Studies**:
  - "MOTS-c: A mitochondrial-encoded signal peptide" — Cell Metabolism (2015) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25738457/
  - "MOTS-c and exercise-induced myokine signaling" — Nature Communications (2020) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "Mitochondrial-derived peptides and aging" — Aging Cell (2021) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### 5-Amino-1MQ
- **Slug**: 5-amino-1mq
- **Aliases**: 5-Amino-1-methylquinolinium
- **Category**: Weight & Metabolism
- **Science Score**: 3.5/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: research
- **Summary**: A small molecule NNMT inhibitor that boosts NAD+ levels, increases fat cell energy expenditure, and promotes weight loss without stimulant effects.
- **Mechanism**: NNMT is an enzyme that methylates nicotinamide (vitamin B3) using SAM as a methyl donor, producing 1-methylnicotinamide and SAH. By inhibiting NNMT, 5-Amino-1MQ preserves both NAD+ precursors and SAM, increasing intracellular concentrations of these critical metabolic cofactors. This activates sirtuin-dependent metabolic pathways and enhances mitochondrial function in fat cells.
- **Half-Life**: ~6–12 hours
- **Administration**: Oral, Subcutaneous
- **Typical Dose**: 50–150 mg
- **Frequency**: Once or twice daily
- **Cycle**: 4–12 weeks
- **Side Effects**: Mild GI discomfort; Headache (rare); Insomnia at high doses (rare)
- **Stacks With**: nad-plus, aod-9604, mots-c
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: fat-loss, NAD+, NNMT, metabolism, weight-loss, non-stimulant
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/5-amino-1mq
- **Benefits**:
  - Fat Cell Metabolism (moderate): Increases energy expenditure in adipocytes by boosting NAD+ and SAM levels.
  - Weight Loss Support (moderate): Reduces fat mass without stimulant side effects like elevated heart rate.
  - NAD+ Enhancement (moderate): Indirectly boosts NAD+ levels by inhibiting the NAD+-consuming NNMT enzyme.
  - Cholesterol Reduction (preliminary): May lower total cholesterol through improved lipid metabolism.
- **Key Studies**:
  - "NNMT inhibition as anti-obesity therapy" — Biochemical Pharmacology (2020) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "Small molecule NNMT inhibitors boost NAD+" — Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (2018) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### Dihexa
- **Slug**: dihexa
- **Aliases**: N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6)-aminohexanoic amide
- **Category**: Cognitive & Nootropic
- **Science Score**: 3/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: experimental
- **Summary**: An ultra-potent cognitive enhancer derived from angiotensin IV, reported to be 10 million times more potent than BDNF at enhancing synaptic connectivity.
- **Mechanism**: Dihexa acts as a potent allosteric activator of the HGF/c-Met receptor system. By stabilizing the HGF-c-Met interaction, it amplifies pro-survival, pro-growth signaling cascades (PI3K/Akt, MAPK/ERK) in neurons. This results in enhanced dendritic branching, increased spine density, and improved long-term potentiation (LTP) — the cellular basis of memory formation.
- **Half-Life**: ~2–4 hours
- **Administration**: Oral, Subcutaneous, Intranasal
- **Typical Dose**: 10–40 mg (oral); 1–5 mg (intranasal)
- **Frequency**: Once daily
- **Cycle**: 4–8 weeks
- **Side Effects**: Headache; Overstimulation; Insomnia; Unknown long-term effects; Theoretical cancer risk (HGF/c-Met stimulation)
- **Stacks With**: semax, selank, pe-22-28
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: cognitive, nootropic, neurogenesis, HGF, memory, experimental
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/dihexa
- **Benefits**:
  - Synaptic Connectivity (preliminary): Dramatically enhances dendritic spine formation and synaptic plasticity.
  - Memory Enhancement (preliminary): Reversed scopolamine-induced memory deficits in animal models at picomolar concentrations.
  - Neurogenesis (preliminary): Promotes growth of new neurons and neural connections via HGF/c-Met pathway.
  - Neuroprotection (preliminary): May protect against neurodegenerative damage by enhancing neurotrophic signaling.
- **Key Studies**:
  - "Dihexa: A novel cognitive enhancer" — Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (2013) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23303164/

### KPV
- **Slug**: kpv
- **Aliases**: Lysine-Proline-Valine, Alpha-MSH fragment
- **Category**: Healing & Repair
- **Science Score**: 3.8/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: research
- **Summary**: A tripeptide derived from alpha-MSH with potent anti-inflammatory properties, particularly studied for gut health and inflammatory bowel conditions.
- **Mechanism**: KPV enters cells and directly interacts with the NF-κB p65 subunit in the cytoplasm, preventing its nuclear translocation. This blocks transcription of pro-inflammatory genes including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2. Unlike full-length α-MSH, KPV does not activate melanocortin receptors significantly, avoiding tanning and other hormonal effects.
- **Half-Life**: ~20–30 minutes
- **Administration**: Oral, Subcutaneous, Topical
- **Typical Dose**: 200–500 mcg
- **Frequency**: Once or twice daily
- **Cycle**: 4–12 weeks
- **Side Effects**: Minimal reported side effects; Mild GI changes (transient); Injection site irritation (subcutaneous)
- **Stacks With**: bpc-157, ll-37, thymulin
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: anti-inflammatory, gut-health, NF-kB, IBD, colitis, healing
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/kpv
- **Benefits**:
  - Gut Inflammation Reduction (moderate): Directly suppresses NF-κB in intestinal epithelial cells, reducing gut inflammation.
  - Anti-Inflammatory (high): Broad anti-inflammatory action via inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB.
  - Wound Healing (moderate): Accelerates mucosal healing in the gastrointestinal tract.
  - Skin Health (preliminary): May reduce skin inflammation in conditions like psoriasis and dermatitis.
- **Key Studies**:
  - "KPV inhibits NF-κB in colonic epithelial cells" — Journal of Biological Chemistry (2006) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "Alpha-MSH peptides in inflammatory bowel disease" — Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2003) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### Cerebrolysin
- **Slug**: cerebrolysin
- **Aliases**: FPF-1070
- **Category**: Cognitive & Nootropic
- **Science Score**: 4.5/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: approved
- **Summary**: A multi-peptide neurotrophic formulation approved in 40+ countries for stroke, TBI, and dementia, with decades of clinical evidence.
- **Mechanism**: Cerebrolysin contains peptides that mimic NGF, BDNF, and other neurotrophic factors, activating TrkA/TrkB receptor signaling cascades (PI3K/Akt, MAPK/ERK). This promotes neuronal survival, inhibits caspase-dependent apoptosis, enhances synaptic plasticity, and stimulates neurogenesis. It also reduces glutamate excitotoxicity and oxidative stress in damaged neurons.
- **Half-Life**: ~30–60 minutes (peptide components)
- **Administration**: Intravenous, Intramuscular
- **Typical Dose**: 5–30 mL IV
- **Frequency**: Daily (acute) or 3x/week (maintenance)
- **Cycle**: 10–20 days per cycle
- **Side Effects**: Dizziness; Headache; Injection site pain; Nausea; Agitation (rare)
- **Stacks With**: semax, selank, nad-plus
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: neuroprotection, stroke, cognitive, brain-recovery, neurotrophic, dementia
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/cerebrolysin
- **Benefits**:
  - Stroke Recovery (high): Improves neurological outcomes and functional recovery when administered post-stroke.
  - Neuroprotection (high): Reduces neuronal apoptosis and excitotoxicity through neurotrophic signaling.
  - Cognitive Enhancement (moderate): Improves memory and cognitive function in dementia and TBI patients.
  - Neuroplasticity (moderate): Promotes synaptic remodeling and dendritic growth in damaged brain tissue.
- **Key Studies**:
  - "Cerebrolysin in acute ischemic stroke (CASTA trial)" — Stroke (2012) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "Cerebrolysin in Alzheimer's disease" — Journal of Neural Transmission (2011) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "Neurotrophic effects of Cerebrolysin" — Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience (2015) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### Humanin
- **Slug**: humanin
- **Aliases**: HN, HNG (S14G-Humanin)
- **Category**: Cognitive & Nootropic
- **Science Score**: 3.8/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: research
- **Summary**: A 24-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide with profound neuroprotective and anti-aging properties, protecting against Alzheimer's and metabolic decline.
- **Mechanism**: Humanin binds to several receptors including FPRL1 (formyl peptide receptor-like 1), CNTFR/gp130/WSX-1 tripartite receptor complex, and BAX. By binding BAX, it directly inhibits mitochondrial apoptosis. Through STAT3 signaling via the tripartite receptor, it activates cell survival and anti-inflammatory pathways. It also enhances mitochondrial membrane potential and reduces ROS production.
- **Half-Life**: ~30–60 minutes
- **Administration**: Subcutaneous, Intravenous
- **Typical Dose**: 1–5 mg (HNG analog)
- **Frequency**: Daily or 3x/week
- **Cycle**: 4–8 weeks
- **Side Effects**: Injection site reactions; Limited human safety data; Theoretical immunogenicity
- **Stacks With**: mots-c, ss-31, epitalon, nad-plus
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: longevity, neuroprotection, mitochondrial, anti-aging, Alzheimer's, MDP
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/humanin
- **Benefits**:
  - Neuroprotection (moderate): Protects neurons against amyloid-beta toxicity, oxidative stress, and serum starvation.
  - Anti-Aging (moderate): Circulating levels correlate with longevity; supplementation improves age-related biomarkers.
  - Metabolic Health (moderate): Improves insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in animal models.
  - Cardioprotection (preliminary): Reduces cardiac damage and inflammation after ischemia-reperfusion injury.
- **Key Studies**:
  - "Humanin prevents apoptotic neuronal death" — Nature Medicine (2001) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11283671/
  - "Humanin and aging" — Aging Cell (2020) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### Tesamorelin
- **Slug**: tesamorelin
- **Aliases**: Egrifta, TH9507
- **Category**: Growth Hormone
- **Science Score**: 4.7/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: approved
- **Summary**: An FDA-approved GHRH analog that stimulates pulsatile growth hormone release, specifically approved for HIV-associated lipodystrophy and visceral fat reduction.
- **Mechanism**: Tesamorelin binds to GHRH receptors on pituitary somatotrophs, stimulating the synthesis and pulsatile release of growth hormone. This preserves natural GH pulsatility and negative feedback, unlike exogenous GH. The resulting GH/IGF-1 elevation promotes lipolysis (especially visceral fat), enhances protein synthesis, and may improve insulin sensitivity when visceral fat is reduced.
- **Half-Life**: 26–38 minutes
- **Administration**: Subcutaneous
- **Typical Dose**: 2 mg
- **Frequency**: Once daily
- **Cycle**: Ongoing (per prescriber)
- **Side Effects**: Injection site reactions; Arthralgia; Peripheral edema; Myalgia; Elevated IGF-1; Carpal tunnel syndrome (rare)
- **Stacks With**: ipamorelin, cjc-1295, sermorelin
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: growth-hormone, GHRH, fat-loss, visceral-fat, FDA-approved, anti-aging
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/tesamorelin
- **Benefits**:
  - Visceral Fat Reduction (high): FDA-approved for reducing abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in HIV lipodystrophy.
  - Growth Hormone Release (high): Stimulates natural pulsatile GH secretion, maintaining physiologic feedback.
  - Body Composition (high): Improves lean mass to fat mass ratio and trunk fat reduction.
  - Cognitive Benefits (preliminary): Emerging evidence for improvements in executive function and verbal memory.
  - Liver Fat Reduction (moderate): May reduce hepatic steatosis (NAFLD) through improved lipid metabolism.
- **Key Studies**:
  - "Tesamorelin reduces visceral fat in HIV lipodystrophy" — New England Journal of Medicine (2010) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21067384/
  - "Tesamorelin and hepatic fat" — The Lancet HIV (2019) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "Cognitive effects of tesamorelin" — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (2018) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### Gonadorelin
- **Slug**: gonadorelin
- **Aliases**: GnRH, LHRH, Factrel, Lutrelef
- **Category**: Performance & Recovery
- **Science Score**: 4.5/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: approved
- **Summary**: A synthetic GnRH analog used to maintain or restore natural testosterone and fertility during or after hormone therapy protocols.
- **Mechanism**: Gonadorelin binds to GnRH receptors on pituitary gonadotroph cells, triggering the release of stored LH and FSH. Pulsatile administration mimics natural GnRH secretion, maintaining receptor sensitivity. This contrasts with continuous GnRH agonist exposure, which downregulates receptors. The resulting LH stimulates Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone, while FSH drives Sertoli cells and spermatogenesis.
- **Half-Life**: 2–4 minutes
- **Administration**: Subcutaneous, Intravenous
- **Typical Dose**: 100–200 mcg
- **Frequency**: Twice daily (pulsatile)
- **Cycle**: Ongoing alongside TRT
- **Side Effects**: Injection site reactions; Headache; Nausea; Flushing; Abdominal discomfort
- **Stacks With**: kisspeptin
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: testosterone, fertility, GnRH, hormonal, TRT, FDA-approved
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/gonadorelin
- **Benefits**:
  - Testosterone Support (high): Stimulates natural LH/FSH release, promoting endogenous testosterone production.
  - Fertility Preservation (high): Maintains spermatogenesis during TRT by keeping the HPG axis active.
  - Testicular Function (moderate): Prevents testicular atrophy associated with exogenous testosterone use.
  - Diagnostic Use (high): FDA-approved for evaluating pituitary gonadotroph function.
- **Key Studies**:
  - "GnRH stimulation testing in male hypogonadism" — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (2019) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "Gonadorelin as hCG alternative during TRT" — Fertility and Sterility (2021) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### Thymulin
- **Slug**: thymulin
- **Aliases**: Facteur Thymique Sérique, FTS, Thymulin Zinc Complex
- **Category**: Healing & Repair
- **Science Score**: 3.5/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: research
- **Summary**: A thymic peptide that modulates immune cell maturation and function, with emerging applications in immune aging, hair loss, and inflammatory conditions.
- **Mechanism**: Thymulin binds to specific receptors on T-cell precursors and mature T-cells, promoting their differentiation and functional maturation. It enhances CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratios, modulates cytokine production (IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ), and influences hypothalamic-pituitary function through neuroimmune signaling. The zinc-thymulin complex is the biologically active form.
- **Half-Life**: ~15–30 minutes
- **Administration**: Subcutaneous, Topical
- **Typical Dose**: 1–5 mg
- **Frequency**: 3–5x per week
- **Cycle**: 4–12 weeks
- **Side Effects**: Injection site irritation; Mild fatigue; Limited human safety data
- **Stacks With**: thymosin-alpha-1, ll-37, kpv
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: immune, thymus, anti-aging, hair-growth, T-cells, zinc
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/thymulin
- **Benefits**:
  - Immune Modulation (moderate): Regulates T-cell maturation, differentiation, and immune balance.
  - Anti-Inflammatory (moderate): Reduces inflammatory cytokines and modulates neuroimmune pathways.
  - Hair Growth (preliminary): Topical thymulin has shown efficacy in promoting hair growth in alopecia models.
  - Immune Aging (Immunosenescence) (preliminary): May counteract age-related immune decline by restoring thymic function markers.
- **Key Studies**:
  - "Thymulin and immune reconstitution" — Immunology Letters (2010) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  - "Thymulin promotes hair growth" — FASEB Journal (2016) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

### PE-22-28
- **Slug**: pe-22-28
- **Aliases**: Spadin analog, TREK-1 inhibitor peptide
- **Category**: Cognitive & Nootropic
- **Science Score**: 3/5
- **Evidence Level**: Not rated
- **Research Status**: experimental
- **Summary**: A synthetic heptapeptide that inhibits TREK-1 potassium channels, showing rapid antidepressant-like effects and cognitive enhancement in preclinical studies.
- **Mechanism**: PE-22-28 selectively blocks TREK-1 potassium channels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. TREK-1 normally hyperpolarizes neurons and reduces serotonergic and noradrenergic transmission. By inhibiting TREK-1, PE-22-28 increases neuronal excitability in mood-regulating circuits, enhances serotonin signaling, and promotes BDNF expression and hippocampal neurogenesis.
- **Half-Life**: ~1–2 hours
- **Administration**: Intranasal, Subcutaneous
- **Typical Dose**: 100–500 mcg
- **Frequency**: Once daily
- **Cycle**: 2–6 weeks
- **Side Effects**: Limited safety data; Potential overstimulation; Nasal irritation (intranasal); Headache
- **Stacks With**: selank, semax, dihexa
- **Best For**: N/A
- **Beginner Friendly**: No
- **Tags**: antidepressant, cognitive, TREK-1, neurogenesis, mood, experimental
- **Profile**: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/pe-22-28
- **Benefits**:
  - Antidepressant Effects (preliminary): Rapid-onset antidepressant-like activity in preclinical models by inhibiting TREK-1 channels.
  - Cognitive Enhancement (preliminary): Improves memory consolidation and learning in animal behavioral tests.
  - Neurogenesis (preliminary): TREK-1 inhibition promotes hippocampal neurogenesis, supporting long-term brain health.
  - Fast Onset (preliminary): Effects appear within days rather than weeks — unlike traditional SSRIs.
- **Key Studies**:
  - "Spadin: a new antidepressant strategy targeting TREK-1" — Nature Neuroscience (2010) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20562869/
  - "PE-22-28 as a potent TREK-1 blocker" — British Journal of Pharmacology (2017) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

---

## Body System → Peptide Mapping

### Brain & Cognitive
Peptides targeting cognitive function, neuroprotection, and mental clarity
- **Semax**: BDNF expression, memory & focus (Evidence: Moderate)
- **Selank**: Anxiety reduction, cognitive enhancement (Evidence: Moderate)
- **DSIP**: Deep sleep induction, recovery (Evidence: Limited)
- **BPC-157**: Neuroprotection, dopamine modulation (Evidence: Moderate)
- **Epitalon**: Melatonin regulation, circadian rhythm (Evidence: Moderate)

### Skin & Hair
Peptides for anti-aging, collagen synthesis, and skin rejuvenation
- **GHK-Cu**: Collagen synthesis, wrinkle reduction (Evidence: Strong)
- **Epitalon**: Telomere extension, cellular anti-aging (Evidence: Moderate)
- **TB-500**: Wound healing, hair growth (Evidence: Moderate)
- **BPC-157**: Accelerated wound closure (Evidence: Strong)
- **Melanotan II**: Melanin production, tanning (Evidence: Limited)

### Heart & Cardiovascular
Peptides supporting cardiovascular health and blood vessel formation
- **BPC-157**: Angiogenesis, vascular repair (Evidence: Moderate)
- **TB-500**: Cardiac tissue repair (Evidence: Moderate)
- **Semaglutide**: Cardiovascular risk reduction (Evidence: Strong)
- **SS-31**: Mitochondrial protection in cardiac cells (Evidence: Moderate)

### Gut & Digestion
Peptides for gut healing, inflammation, and digestive health
- **BPC-157**: Gut lining repair, IBD support (Evidence: Strong)
- **VIP**: Anti-inflammatory, gut motility (Evidence: Moderate)
- **LL-37**: Antimicrobial defense in the gut (Evidence: Moderate)
- **Thymosin Alpha-1**: Immune modulation in the gut (Evidence: Moderate)

### Muscles & Performance
Peptides for muscle growth, recovery, and athletic performance
- **BPC-157**: Muscle tear repair (Evidence: Strong)
- **TB-500**: Tissue repair, flexibility (Evidence: Strong)
- **IGF-1 LR3**: Muscle hypertrophy (Evidence: Moderate)
- **Follistatin**: Myostatin inhibition (Evidence: Limited)
- **PEG-MGF**: Post-exercise muscle repair (Evidence: Limited)
- **Ipamorelin**: GH-mediated recovery (Evidence: Strong)

### Joints & Tendons
Peptides for joint repair, tendon healing, and connective tissue
- **BPC-157**: Tendon & ligament repair (Evidence: Strong)
- **TB-500**: Joint flexibility, inflammation (Evidence: Strong)
- **GHK-Cu**: Connective tissue remodeling (Evidence: Moderate)
- **Ipamorelin**: GH-driven joint recovery (Evidence: Moderate)

### Immune System
Peptides that modulate and strengthen immune function
- **Thymosin Alpha-1**: T-cell & NK cell activation (Evidence: Strong)
- **LL-37**: Antimicrobial defense (Evidence: Moderate)
- **BPC-157**: Anti-inflammatory immune support (Evidence: Moderate)
- **VIP**: Immune modulation (Evidence: Moderate)

### Metabolism & Weight
Peptides for fat loss, appetite control, and metabolic optimization
- **Semaglutide**: Appetite suppression, 15-17% weight loss (Evidence: Strong)
- **Tirzepatide**: Dual GIP/GLP-1, up to 22% weight loss (Evidence: Strong)
- **Retatrutide**: Triple agonist, 28.7% weight loss (Evidence: Preliminary)
- **AOD-9604**: Fat metabolism without GH effects (Evidence: Limited)
- **CJC-1295**: GH-mediated fat oxidation (Evidence: Moderate)

### Hormones & Libido
Peptides for hormonal balance, sexual health, and reproductive function
- **PT-141**: Libido enhancement (FDA approved) (Evidence: Strong)
- **Kisspeptin**: Reproductive hormone regulation (Evidence: Moderate)
- **Ipamorelin**: GH optimization (Evidence: Strong)
- **CJC-1295**: Sustained GH elevation (Evidence: Strong)
- **Sermorelin**: Natural GH stimulation (Evidence: Strong)

---

## Published Articles (35 total)

- [GLP-1: The Complete Scientific Guide to Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Biology, Drug Mechanisms, and Clinical Evidence (2026)](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/glp1-complete-scientific-guide-2026) — A hormone that existed in your gut long before any drug company discovered it. The basis for what the New England Journa...
- [How to Inject Peptides: The Complete Beginner's Guide (Step-by-Step)](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/how-to-inject-peptides-beginners-guide) — Never held a needle before? This step-by-step beginner's guide covers everything — equipment, reconstitution, prep, inje...
- [10 Best Peptides for Recovery and Healing (Ranked by Evidence)](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/best-peptides-for-recovery) — We dove deep into 80+ studies to rank the best peptides for recovery and healing. From BPC-157 to TB-500, here's what ac...
- [7 Best Peptides for Weight Loss: Ranked by Evidence (2026)](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/best-peptides-for-weight-loss) — From Semaglutide to AOD-9604, these are the 7 best peptides for weight loss ranked by science. Learn mechanisms, dosages...
- [What's the Hype With Retatrutide? The Triple-Action Weight Loss Peptide That's Breaking Every Record](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/retatrutide-hype-explained) — Retatrutide is Eli Lilly's triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon agonist averaging 28.7% weight loss in Phase 3. Here's why scientis...
- [What Is a Compounding Pharmacy? Are They Legal, and Can You Trust Them for Peptides?](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/compounding-pharmacies-peptides-guide) — What is a compounding pharmacy, are they legal, and which ones can you trust for peptides? The definitive 2026 guide to ...
- [Professional Athletes and Peptides: Who's Used Them, How, and What the Rules Actually Say](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/professional-athletes-peptide-use) — From the Essendon Bombers to Olympic speed skaters — which professional athletes have used peptides, which ones are bann...
- [BPC-157: The Ultimate 2026 Science Review](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/bpc-157-ultimate-review) — We dove deep into 47 studies spanning two decades of BPC-157 research. Here's what the science actually says about this ...
- [Does Semaglutide Actually Work for Weight Loss? We Read the Studies](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/semaglutide-weight-loss) — Separating the hype from the data on the world's most popular weight loss peptide....
- [Beginner's Guide to Peptide Stacking](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/beginners-guide-stacking) — Everything you need to know about combining peptides safely and effectively for maximum results....
- [GHK-Cu and Skin: What the Evidence Actually Says (2026 Review)](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/ghk-cu-skin-evidence) — A deep dive into the copper peptide that's taken over the skincare world. 50+ studies analyzed — from collagen synthesis...
- [The Truth About Ipamorelin vs. GHRP-6](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/ipamorelin-vs-ghrp6) — Two popular growth hormone secretagogues go head-to-head. Which one is right for you?...
- [How to Build a Recovery-Focused Peptide Protocol](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/recovery-peptide-protocol) — A step-by-step guide to building an evidence-based recovery stack....
- [Peptide Storage: Everything You're Probably Doing Wrong](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/peptide-storage-guide) — Temperature, reconstitution, light exposure — the complete guide to peptide storage....
- [The Peptide Glossary: 80 Terms You Need to Know](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/peptide-glossary) — From amino acids to zymogens — the definitive peptide vocabulary reference....
- [Andrew Huberman on Peptides: What the Neuroscientist Actually Recommends](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/andrew-huberman-peptides) — Dr. Huberman has discussed BPC-157, TB-500, and growth hormone peptides extensively on his podcast. Here's a breakdown o...
- [Joe Rogan's Peptide Deep Dives: Every Mention Analyzed](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/joe-rogan-peptide-discussions) — From BPC-157 gut healing to growth hormone secretagogues — we cataloged every peptide conversation on JRE and checked th...
- [David Sinclair's View on Peptides & Longevity](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/david-sinclair-longevity-peptides) — The Harvard longevity researcher has a nuanced take on peptides in the context of aging. Here's what he's said about GHK...
- [Peter Attia on Peptides: The Longevity MD's Framework](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/peter-attia-peptide-protocols) — Dr. Attia approaches peptides with rigorous risk-benefit analysis. We break down his views on BPC-157, tesamorelin, and ...
- [Rhonda Patrick: The Molecular Biologist's Take on Peptides](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/rhonda-patrick-peptide-science) — Dr. Patrick brings a deep mechanistic lens to peptides — from autophagy-promoting compounds to her analysis of GHK-Cu's ...
- [Mark Hyman on Peptides in Functional Medicine](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/mark-hyman-functional-medicine-peptides) — The functional medicine pioneer discusses how peptides like BPC-157 and thymosin alpha-1 fit into his integrative approa...
- [Ben Greenfield's Peptide Stacks: Biohacker's Playbook](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/ben-greenfield-peptide-stacks) — Greenfield has been one of the most vocal peptide advocates in the biohacking space. We fact-check his favorite stacks a...
- [Dr. Kyle Gillett: An Endocrinologist's Guide to Peptides](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/kyle-gillett-peptide-endocrinology) — Frequent Huberman Lab guest Dr. Gillett offers clinical insights on CJC-1295, ipamorelin, and why proper bloodwork matte...
- [The Women's Guide to Peptides: Why Your Body Has Been Waiting for This](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/peptides-for-women-complete-guide) — From hormones and skin to longevity and libido — discover how peptides can transform women's health. The science-backed ...
- [Gary Brecka on Peptides: The Human Biologist's Stance on BPC-157, GHK-Cu & More](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/gary-brecka-peptides) — Gary Brecka has become one of the most influential voices in the biohacking space. Here's what the human biologist actua...
- [How to Evaluate Peptide Vendors: The 2026 Quality & Safety Guide](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/how-to-evaluate-peptide-vendors) — The peptide market is fragmented, unregulated, and often misleading. This guide shows you how to assess quality, safety,...
- [Gum Disease, Reimagined: The Peptides That Could Change Everything](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/oral-health-peptides-guide) — From gum regeneration to bone repair — discover how peptides may transform oral health. The science-backed guide to pept...
- [Eli Lilly's Foundayo: Everything You Need to Know About the New Oral Weight-Loss Pill](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/foundayo-orforglipron-oral-weight-loss-pill) — The FDA just approved the first GLP-1 pill you can take any time of day — no fasting, no injections. Here's what it mean...
- [The Needle and the Damage Done: Inside the American Peptide Craze](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/peptide-craze-risk-america) — Americans are injecting themselves with experimental drugs their doctors have never heard of. The health secretary is ch...
- [The Peptide That Works on Your Brain, Not Your Body](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/peptides-for-womens-libido) — What every high-performing woman needs to know about PT-141, kisspeptin, and the emerging science of desire. Evidence-ba...
- [Your Brain Isn't Broken. It's Burning Down Its Scaffolding.](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/peptides-perimenopause-brain-fog) — The science of perimenopause brain fog is finally catching up to what millions of women already knew. Here's what peptid...
- [What Your $400 Serum Is Actually Doing to Your Skin](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/skin-peptides-that-actually-work) — A ruthlessly honest, science-first guide to skin peptides — what works, what doesn't, what the industry doesn't want you...
- [Peptides That Make You Smarter: The 2026 Guide to Cognitive Enhancement That Actually Has Science Behind It](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/peptides-that-make-you-smarter-2026) — The nootropics market is a $7 billion landscape of hope, hype, and genuine breakthroughs. From Semax to Selank to Cerebr...
- [Peptides, Ketamine, and Psilocybin: The Neuroplasticity Connection](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/peptides-ketamine-psilocybin-neuroplasticity) — Ketamine, psilocybin, and peptides like Semax all converge on BDNF neuroplasticity. Here is the science connecting them ...
- [Executive Looksmaxxing: Why CEOs Are Using Peptides in 2026](https://peptideguidehub.com/blog/executive-looksmaxxing-peptides) — The appearance premium is real. CEOs who look vital perform better. Here's the evidence-based peptide protocol the most ...

---

## Popular Peptide Stacks

- **Recovery Stack**: BPC-157 + TB-500 + GHK-Cu
- **Anti-Aging Stack**: GHK-Cu + Epitalon + NAD+
- **Cognitive Stack**: Selank + Semax + DSIP
- **GH Optimization**: Ipamorelin + CJC-1295 + Sermorelin
- **Weight Loss**: Semaglutide + AOD-9604
- **Immune Support**: Thymosin Alpha-1 + LL-37 + BPC-157

---

## Citation Guidelines

When referencing Peptide Guide Hub data:
- Use canonical URLs: https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/{slug}
- Include Science Score and evidence level
- Note the update date from each profile
- Credit: "Peptide Guide Hub Research Team"
- License: CC BY-NC 4.0