{ "_meta": { "name": "Peptide Guide Hub — Peptide Database API", "description": "Machine-readable catalog of 37+ science-backed peptides with dosage, evidence, and mechanism data.", "version": "1.0.0", "generated": "2026-04-14", "total_peptides": 38, "license": "CC BY-NC 4.0", "source": "https://peptideguidehub.com", "contact": "hello@peptideguidehub.com" }, "peptides": [ { "slug": "bpc-157", "name": "BPC-157", "aliases": [ "Body Protection Compound-157", "Pentadecapeptide" ], "category": "healing", "category_label": "Healing & Repair", "summary": "A 15-amino acid peptide derived from gastric juice, renowned for powerful healing and anti-inflammatory effects.", "mechanism": "BPC-157 upregulates growth factor expression including VEGF, FGF, and EGF. It interacts with the nitric oxide (NO) system and FAK-paxillin pathway to promote angiogenesis and tissue repair. It also modulates dopamine and serotonin systems.", "science_score": 4.5, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "research", "half_life": "~4 hours", "administration_routes": [ "Subcutaneous", "Oral", "Intramuscular" ], "typical_dose": "250-500mcg", "typical_frequency": "Twice daily", "typical_cycle": "4-12 weeks", "side_effects": [ "Nausea (rare)", "Dizziness (rare)", "Injection site irritation" ], "stacks_with": [ "tb-500", "ghk-cu", "thymosin-alpha-1" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Accelerated Healing", "description": "Promotes rapid repair of tendons, muscles, ligaments, and bones", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Gut Protection", "description": "Protects and heals the gastrointestinal lining", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Anti-Inflammatory", "description": "Reduces systemic inflammation and oxidative stress", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Neuroprotection", "description": "Shows protective effects on the nervous system", "evidence_level": "preliminary" }, { "title": "Joint Recovery", "description": "Enhances recovery from joint injuries and surgeries", "evidence_level": "moderate" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in trials for inflammatory bowel disease", "journal": "Current Pharmaceutical Design", "year": 2020, "finding": "BPC-157 demonstrated significant healing of intestinal lesions in animal models", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 enhances the growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts", "journal": "Journal of Orthopedic Research", "year": 2019, "finding": "Significantly accelerated tendon-to-bone healing", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "BPC 157 and the NO system", "journal": "Current Pharmaceutical Design", "year": 2018, "finding": "BPC-157 interacts with the NO system to mediate its protective effects", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "healing", "recovery", "gut health", "anti-inflammatory", "tendon repair" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/bpc-157", "updated_at": "2025-03-15" }, { "slug": "tb-500", "name": "TB-500", "aliases": [ "Thymosin Beta-4" ], "category": "healing", "category_label": "Healing & Repair", "summary": "A naturally occurring peptide that promotes tissue repair, reduces inflammation, and enhances flexibility.", "mechanism": "TB-500 upregulates actin, a cell-building protein essential for cell migration and proliferation. It promotes angiogenesis, reduces inflammation through cytokine modulation, and facilitates stem cell maturation.", "science_score": 4.2, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "research", "half_life": "~2 hours", "administration_routes": [ "Subcutaneous", "Intramuscular" ], "typical_dose": "2-5mg", "typical_frequency": "Twice weekly", "typical_cycle": "4-8 weeks", "side_effects": [ "Headache (mild)", "Injection site redness", "Fatigue (temporary)" ], "stacks_with": [ "bpc-157", "ghk-cu" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Tissue Repair", "description": "Accelerates healing of muscles, tendons, and ligaments", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Reduced Inflammation", "description": "Potent anti-inflammatory effects across multiple tissues", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Improved Flexibility", "description": "Enhances joint and muscle flexibility", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Hair Growth", "description": "May promote hair follicle stem cell migration", "evidence_level": "preliminary" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "Thymosin Beta-4 promotes angiogenesis, wound healing, and hair growth", "journal": "Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences", "year": 2012, "finding": "TB4 significantly accelerated wound closure and promoted angiogenesis", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "healing", "recovery", "anti-inflammatory", "flexibility" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/tb-500", "updated_at": "2025-03-10" }, { "slug": "ghk-cu", "name": "GHK-Cu", "aliases": [ "Copper Peptide", "Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine" ], "category": "skin", "category_label": "Skin & Anti-Aging", "summary": "A copper-binding tripeptide with powerful anti-aging, skin remodeling, and wound healing properties.", "mechanism": "GHK-Cu activates collagen synthesis, glycosaminoglycan production, and growth factor expression. It also modulates metalloproteinase activity to remodel damaged tissue and has antioxidant properties.", "science_score": 4.3, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "research", "half_life": "~1 hour", "administration_routes": [ "Topical", "Subcutaneous", "Microneedling" ], "typical_dose": "1-2mg (injection) / 1-2% (topical)", "typical_frequency": "Daily (topical) / 2-3x weekly (injection)", "typical_cycle": "8-12 weeks", "side_effects": [ "Skin irritation (topical)", "Redness at injection site" ], "stacks_with": [ "bpc-157", "epitalon" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Skin Rejuvenation", "description": "Stimulates collagen and elastin synthesis for firmer skin", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Wound Healing", "description": "Accelerates skin wound closure and tissue remodeling", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Anti-Aging", "description": "Reduces fine lines, wrinkles, and improves skin elasticity", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Hair Growth", "description": "Increases hair follicle size and stimulates growth", "evidence_level": "moderate" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "GHK peptide as a natural modulator of multiple cellular pathways in skin regeneration", "journal": "BioMed Research International", "year": 2015, "finding": "GHK-Cu demonstrated ability to activate 4,000+ human genes, many related to tissue repair", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "anti-aging", "skin", "collagen", "wound healing", "copper peptide" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/ghk-cu", "updated_at": "2025-03-12" }, { "slug": "ipamorelin", "name": "Ipamorelin", "aliases": [], "category": "growth-hormone", "category_label": "Growth Hormone", "summary": "A selective growth hormone secretagogue with a strong safety profile and minimal side effects.", "mechanism": "Ipamorelin mimics ghrelin and binds to the GHS-R1a receptor in the pituitary, stimulating GH release in a dose-dependent manner. Unlike other GHRPs, it does not significantly increase appetite, cortisol, or prolactin.", "science_score": 4, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "research", "half_life": "~2 hours", "administration_routes": [ "Subcutaneous" ], "typical_dose": "200-300mcg", "typical_frequency": "2-3 times daily", "typical_cycle": "8-16 weeks", "side_effects": [ "Headache", "Water retention (mild)", "Tingling in extremities" ], "stacks_with": [ "cjc-1295", "sermorelin" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "GH Release", "description": "Stimulates pulsatile growth hormone release", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Body Composition", "description": "Supports fat loss and lean muscle gains", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Sleep Quality", "description": "Improves deep sleep when dosed before bed", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Recovery", "description": "Enhances post-workout recovery", "evidence_level": "moderate" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue", "journal": "European Journal of Endocrinology", "year": 1999, "finding": "Ipamorelin stimulated GH release without affecting ACTH, cortisol, or prolactin levels", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "growth hormone", "fat loss", "sleep", "recovery", "GH secretagogue" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/ipamorelin", "updated_at": "2025-02-28" }, { "slug": "cjc-1295", "name": "CJC-1295", "aliases": [ "CJC-1295 DAC", "Modified GRF 1-29" ], "category": "growth-hormone", "category_label": "Growth Hormone", "summary": "A long-acting growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) analog that amplifies GH pulses.", "mechanism": "CJC-1295 binds to and activates the GHRH receptor on pituitary somatotroph cells, stimulating GH synthesis and secretion. The DAC modification extends its half-life by binding to serum albumin.", "science_score": 4.1, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "research", "half_life": "~6-8 days (DAC) / ~30 min (no DAC)", "administration_routes": [ "Subcutaneous" ], "typical_dose": "1-2mg (DAC) / 100mcg (no DAC)", "typical_frequency": "1-2x weekly (DAC) / 2-3x daily (no DAC)", "typical_cycle": "8-16 weeks", "side_effects": [ "Flushing", "Headache", "Water retention", "Tingling" ], "stacks_with": [ "ipamorelin", "sermorelin" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Sustained GH Elevation", "description": "Provides extended growth hormone release over several days", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Muscle Growth", "description": "Supports lean muscle mass development", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Fat Metabolism", "description": "Enhances lipolysis and fat oxidation", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Deep Sleep", "description": "Promotes restorative deep sleep phases", "evidence_level": "moderate" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone secretion by CJC-1295", "journal": "Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism", "year": 2006, "finding": "CJC-1295 increased mean GH levels 2-10 fold for up to 6 days after a single injection", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "growth hormone", "GHRH", "muscle growth", "fat loss" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/cjc-1295", "updated_at": "2025-03-01" }, { "slug": "semaglutide", "name": "Semaglutide", "aliases": [ "Ozempic", "Wegovy", "Rybelsus" ], "category": "weight", "category_label": "Weight & Metabolism", "summary": "A GLP-1 receptor agonist that has revolutionized weight management and metabolic health.", "mechanism": "Semaglutide mimics the GLP-1 hormone, binding to GLP-1 receptors in the pancreas (stimulating insulin secretion), the gut (slowing gastric emptying), and the brain (reducing appetite through hypothalamic signaling).", "science_score": 4.8, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "approved", "half_life": "~7 days", "administration_routes": [ "Subcutaneous", "Oral" ], "typical_dose": "0.25-2.4mg", "typical_frequency": "Once weekly", "typical_cycle": "Ongoing (as prescribed)", "side_effects": [ "Nausea", "Vomiting", "Diarrhea", "Constipation", "Decreased appetite" ], "stacks_with": [ "aod-9604" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Weight Loss", "description": "Clinically proven to produce significant weight loss (15-17%)", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Appetite Control", "description": "Reduces hunger and food cravings significantly", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Blood Sugar Control", "description": "Improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Cardiovascular", "description": "Reduces risk of major cardiovascular events", "evidence_level": "high" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "STEP 1: Semaglutide 2.4 mg for weight management", "journal": "New England Journal of Medicine", "year": 2021, "finding": "Participants lost an average of 14.9% of body weight vs 2.4% with placebo", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "weight loss", "GLP-1", "diabetes", "appetite", "FDA approved" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/semaglutide", "updated_at": "2025-03-18" }, { "slug": "sermorelin", "name": "Sermorelin", "aliases": [ "GRF 1-29" ], "category": "growth-hormone", "category_label": "Growth Hormone", "summary": "A bioidentical GHRH analog that stimulates natural growth hormone production from the pituitary.", "mechanism": "Sermorelin binds to GHRH receptors on pituitary somatotrophs, stimulating GH synthesis and secretion while preserving the natural negative feedback loop.", "science_score": 4, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "approved", "half_life": "~10-20 minutes", "administration_routes": [ "Subcutaneous" ], "typical_dose": "200-500mcg", "typical_frequency": "Once daily before bed", "typical_cycle": "3-6 months", "side_effects": [ "Injection site reactions", "Flushing", "Headache" ], "stacks_with": [ "ipamorelin", "cjc-1295" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Natural GH Stimulation", "description": "Promotes physiological GH release patterns", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Anti-Aging", "description": "Supports vitality, energy, and recovery", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Sleep Improvement", "description": "Enhances deep sleep quality", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Body Composition", "description": "Supports lean mass and reduced body fat", "evidence_level": "moderate" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "Effects of sermorelin on sleep quality in adults", "journal": "Sleep Medicine", "year": 2015, "finding": "Sermorelin improved slow-wave sleep duration and quality in older adults", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "growth hormone", "anti-aging", "sleep", "GHRH" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/sermorelin", "updated_at": "2025-02-20" }, { "slug": "pt-141", "name": "PT-141", "aliases": [ "Bremelanotide", "Vyleesi" ], "category": "performance", "category_label": "Performance & Recovery", "summary": "A melanocortin receptor agonist FDA-approved for treating hypoactive sexual desire disorder.", "mechanism": "PT-141 activates melanocortin-4 receptors (MC4R) in the central nervous system, specifically in the hypothalamus, to stimulate sexual arousal pathways.", "science_score": 3.8, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "approved", "half_life": "~2-4 hours", "administration_routes": [ "Subcutaneous", "Nasal" ], "typical_dose": "1.75mg", "typical_frequency": "As needed (45 min before)", "typical_cycle": "As needed", "side_effects": [ "Nausea", "Flushing", "Headache", "Injection site reactions" ], "stacks_with": [], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Sexual Desire", "description": "Increases libido and sexual desire in both men and women", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "ED Support", "description": "Helps with erectile function through central nervous system activation", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Mood Enhancement", "description": "May improve mood and motivation through melanocortin pathways", "evidence_level": "preliminary" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "Bremelanotide for female hypoactive sexual desire disorder", "journal": "Obstetrics & Gynecology", "year": 2019, "finding": "Significantly increased sexual desire and reduced distress related to low sexual desire", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "sexual health", "libido", "FDA approved", "melanocortin" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/pt-141", "updated_at": "2025-03-05" }, { "slug": "epitalon", "name": "Epitalon", "aliases": [ "Epithalon", "Epithalone" ], "category": "skin", "category_label": "Skin & Anti-Aging", "summary": "A tetrapeptide that activates telomerase, potentially extending cellular lifespan and slowing aging.", "mechanism": "Epitalon activates telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), which adds telomeric repeats to chromosome ends. It also regulates melatonin synthesis in the pineal gland and modulates gene expression related to aging.", "science_score": 3.5, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "research", "half_life": "~2-3 hours", "administration_routes": [ "Subcutaneous", "Intravenous" ], "typical_dose": "5-10mg", "typical_frequency": "Once daily", "typical_cycle": "10-20 days, 2-3x per year", "side_effects": [ "Injection site discomfort (rare)" ], "stacks_with": [ "ghk-cu", "bpc-157" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Telomere Extension", "description": "Activates telomerase to maintain telomere length", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Anti-Aging", "description": "May slow biological aging at the cellular level", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Melatonin Regulation", "description": "Normalizes melatonin production and circadian rhythm", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Antioxidant", "description": "Enhances endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity", "evidence_level": "preliminary" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "Peptide regulation of aging: 35-year research experience", "journal": "Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine", "year": 2020, "finding": "Epitalon treatment increased lifespan by 13.3% in animal studies and activated telomerase in human cells", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "anti-aging", "telomeres", "longevity", "pineal gland", "melatonin" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/epitalon", "updated_at": "2025-03-08" }, { "slug": "thymosin-alpha-1", "name": "Thymosin Alpha-1", "aliases": [ "Ta1", "Zadaxin" ], "category": "cognitive", "category_label": "Cognitive & Nootropic", "summary": "An immune-modulating peptide that enhances T-cell function and has been used to treat chronic infections.", "mechanism": "Thymosin Alpha-1 enhances T-cell differentiation and maturation, activates dendritic cells, increases NK cell activity, and modulates cytokine production. It acts as an endogenous regulator of both innate and adaptive immunity.", "science_score": 4.4, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "approved", "half_life": "~2 hours", "administration_routes": [ "Subcutaneous" ], "typical_dose": "1.6mg", "typical_frequency": "2-3 times weekly", "typical_cycle": "4-12 weeks", "side_effects": [ "Injection site discomfort", "Mild fever (rare)" ], "stacks_with": [ "bpc-157", "ll-37" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Immune Enhancement", "description": "Boosts T-cell and NK cell activity", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Antiviral", "description": "Enhances immune response against viral infections", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Anti-Cancer Support", "description": "Used as adjunct therapy in some cancer treatments", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Vaccine Enhancement", "description": "Improves vaccine response in immunocompromised patients", "evidence_level": "moderate" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "Thymosin alpha 1 in the treatment of viral diseases", "journal": "Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy", "year": 2018, "finding": "Ta1 improved clinical outcomes in hepatitis B/C and showed benefit as immune adjuvant therapy", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "immune system", "antiviral", "T-cells", "thymus", "approved" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/thymosin-alpha-1", "updated_at": "2025-03-14" }, { "slug": "selank", "name": "Selank", "aliases": [ "TP-7", "Selanc" ], "category": "cognitive", "category_label": "Cognitive & Nootropic", "summary": "An anxiolytic peptide that enhances cognitive function and reduces anxiety without sedation.", "mechanism": "Selank modulates GABAergic neurotransmission, enhances the expression of BDNF, and stabilizes enkephalins in blood plasma. It acts on the IL-6 pathway and influences serotonin metabolism by inhibiting enzymes that degrade enkephalins. The Pro-Gly-Pro C-terminal sequence provides resistance to peptidases, giving it a longer biological half-life than native tuftsin.", "science_score": 3.7, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "research", "half_life": "~2-3 minutes (rapid degradation, but effects persist 3-4 hours)", "administration_routes": [ "Intranasal", "Subcutaneous" ], "typical_dose": "250-500mcg", "typical_frequency": "1-3 times daily", "typical_cycle": "2-4 weeks, repeatable", "side_effects": [ "Fatigue (rare)", "Mild nasal irritation (intranasal)", "Occasional headache" ], "stacks_with": [ "semax", "epitalon", "bpc-157" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Anxiety Reduction", "description": "Reduces anxiety comparable to benzodiazepines without sedation or addiction risk", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Cognitive Enhancement", "description": "Improves memory, learning, and information processing speed", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Immune Modulation", "description": "Enhances immune function through tuftsin-derived immunomodulatory activity", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Neuroprotection", "description": "Increases BDNF expression and supports neuronal survival", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Stress Resilience", "description": "Stabilizes enkephalin levels and improves stress adaptation", "evidence_level": "moderate" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "Selank: Anxiolytic activity and effect on BDNF expression", "journal": "Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine", "year": 2020, "finding": "Selank increased BDNF mRNA expression in rat hippocampus by 1.8x and showed anxiolytic effects comparable to phenazepam", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "Selank modulation of gene expression in the rat hippocampus", "journal": "Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics", "year": 2021, "finding": "Selank modulated expression of 36 genes involved in immune and neuronal signaling", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "nootropic", "anxiety", "cognitive", "immune", "BDNF" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/selank", "updated_at": "2025-03-01" }, { "slug": "semax", "name": "Semax", "aliases": [ "ACTH(4-7)-PGP", "Semax 1%" ], "category": "cognitive", "category_label": "Cognitive & Nootropic", "summary": "A neuropeptide that enhances BDNF expression, improving memory, focus, and cognitive performance.", "mechanism": "Semax activates melanocortin receptors (MC3R, MC4R) in the brain and dramatically upregulates BDNF and trkB receptor expression. It modulates dopaminergic, serotoninergic, and cholinergic neurotransmission. Semax also inhibits enkephalin-degrading enzymes, prolonging endogenous opioid signaling. The PGP tail provides enzymatic stability.", "science_score": 3.9, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "research", "half_life": "~2-3 minutes (effects last 4-6 hours)", "administration_routes": [ "Intranasal", "Subcutaneous" ], "typical_dose": "200-600mcg", "typical_frequency": "1-3 times daily", "typical_cycle": "10-20 days on, 10 days off", "side_effects": [ "Mild irritability at high doses", "Hair shedding (very rare, reversible)", "Nasal dryness (intranasal)" ], "stacks_with": [ "selank", "epitalon", "bpc-157" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Memory Enhancement", "description": "Significantly improves working memory and long-term memory consolidation", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "BDNF Upregulation", "description": "Increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression by up to 4x in certain brain regions", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Neuroprotection", "description": "Protects neurons from ischemic damage; approved for stroke recovery in Russia", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Focus & Attention", "description": "Enhances sustained attention, mental clarity, and information processing", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Stress Adaptation", "description": "Reduces cortisol response and improves resilience to psychological stress", "evidence_level": "moderate" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "Semax effects on BDNF expression in rat brain", "journal": "Doklady Biological Sciences", "year": 2019, "finding": "Semax increased BDNF mRNA 2-4x in hippocampus and frontal cortex within 24 hours", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "ACTH(4-10) analogue Semax: neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemia", "journal": "Neuroscience Letters", "year": 2018, "finding": "Semax reduced infarct volume by 25-30% in a rat stroke model", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "nootropic", "BDNF", "memory", "neuroprotection", "focus" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/semax", "updated_at": "2025-03-01" }, { "slug": "aod-9604", "name": "AOD-9604", "aliases": [ "Anti-Obesity Drug 9604", "hGH Fragment 176-191 (modified)" ], "category": "weight", "category_label": "Weight & Metabolism", "summary": "A modified fragment of human growth hormone specifically designed for fat loss without GH side effects.", "mechanism": "AOD-9604 mimics the lipolytic region of human growth hormone. It activates beta-3 adrenergic receptors on adipocytes, stimulating hormone-sensitive lipase and triggering fat mobilization. Unlike full GH, it does not bind to the GH receptor or stimulate IGF-1 production, avoiding growth-promoting and diabetogenic effects. It also inhibits the enzyme responsible for converting non-fat food into body fat (lipogenesis).", "science_score": 3.5, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "research", "half_life": "~30-60 minutes", "administration_routes": [ "Subcutaneous", "Oral" ], "typical_dose": "250-500mcg", "typical_frequency": "Once daily (morning, fasted)", "typical_cycle": "8-12 weeks", "side_effects": [ "Injection site redness (mild)", "Headache (uncommon)", "Mild stomach discomfort (oral)" ], "stacks_with": [ "cjc-1295", "ipamorelin", "semaglutide" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Targeted Fat Loss", "description": "Stimulates lipolysis and inhibits lipogenesis without affecting IGF-1 or insulin", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "No GH Side Effects", "description": "Does not cause insulin resistance, acromegaly, or water retention like full-length GH", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Cartilage Repair", "description": "Emerging evidence for cartilage regeneration and osteoarthritis treatment", "evidence_level": "preliminary" }, { "title": "Metabolic Enhancement", "description": "Increases oxidative metabolism in adipose tissue", "evidence_level": "moderate" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "AOD-9604: A novel lipid mobilizing anti-obesity drug", "journal": "Obesity Research", "year": 2001, "finding": "AOD-9604 stimulated fat oxidation in obese Zucker rats without affecting IGF-1", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "Clinical trial of AOD-9604 in obese adults", "journal": "Journal of Endocrinology", "year": 2006, "finding": "Modest weight loss observed; did not reach primary efficacy endpoint in Phase IIb trial", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "fat loss", "GH fragment", "metabolism", "weight loss" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/aod-9604", "updated_at": "2025-03-01" }, { "slug": "dsip", "name": "DSIP", "aliases": [ "Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide" ], "category": "cognitive", "category_label": "Cognitive & Nootropic", "summary": "Delta sleep-inducing peptide that promotes deep, restorative sleep patterns.", "mechanism": "DSIP modulates GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in the hypothalamus and sleep centers. It increases delta-wave EEG activity by influencing the reticular formation and thalamic nuclei. DSIP also inhibits CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) and modulates somatostatin activity, promoting GH release during sleep. It has been shown to normalize disrupted LH release patterns.", "science_score": 3.2, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "research", "half_life": "~7-8 minutes (but biological effects persist 6-12 hours)", "administration_routes": [ "Subcutaneous", "Intravenous", "Intranasal" ], "typical_dose": "100-300mcg", "typical_frequency": "Once daily (30-60 min before bed)", "typical_cycle": "2-4 weeks on, 2 weeks off", "side_effects": [ "Morning grogginess (uncommon)", "Mild headache", "Vivid dreams", "Injection site irritation" ], "stacks_with": [ "selank", "epitalon", "bpc-157" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Deep Sleep Enhancement", "description": "Increases delta-wave sleep duration and quality without next-day sedation", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Circadian Rhythm Normalization", "description": "Helps reset disrupted sleep-wake cycles and jet lag recovery", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Stress Reduction", "description": "Reduces cortisol and ACTH levels, improving stress resilience", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Pain Modulation", "description": "May reduce chronic pain perception through endorphin system modulation", "evidence_level": "preliminary" }, { "title": "Growth Hormone Release", "description": "Enhances nocturnal GH secretion during deep sleep phases", "evidence_level": "preliminary" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "Delta sleep-inducing peptide: clinical pharmacology", "journal": "Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews", "year": 1988, "finding": "DSIP normalized sleep patterns in chronic insomniacs without tolerance development", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "DSIP in narcoleptic patients: effects on sleep and daytime functioning", "journal": "European Neurology", "year": 1986, "finding": "DSIP improved nighttime sleep quality and reduced daytime sleep attacks", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "sleep", "recovery", "relaxation", "circadian rhythm", "stress" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/dsip", "updated_at": "2025-03-01" }, { "slug": "kisspeptin", "name": "Kisspeptin", "aliases": [ "Kisspeptin-10", "Kisspeptin-54", "Metastin" ], "category": "performance", "category_label": "Performance & Recovery", "summary": "A neuropeptide that regulates reproductive hormones and may boost testosterone naturally.", "mechanism": "Kisspeptin binds to the GPR54 (KISS1R) receptor on GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus, triggering pulsatile GnRH release. This cascade stimulates anterior pituitary gonadotrophs to secrete LH and FSH, which drive testicular testosterone production or ovarian estrogen/progesterone. Kisspeptin neurons integrate metabolic signals (leptin, ghrelin), stress hormones, and photoperiod cues to regulate reproductive function.", "science_score": 3.6, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "research", "half_life": "~28 minutes (Kisspeptin-10); ~1 hour (Kisspeptin-54)", "administration_routes": [ "Subcutaneous", "Intravenous" ], "typical_dose": "1-10nmol/kg (research dosing)", "typical_frequency": "Once or twice daily", "typical_cycle": "4-8 weeks", "side_effects": [ "Injection site reaction", "Mild nausea", "Headache", "Potential tachyphylaxis with continuous dosing" ], "stacks_with": [ "gonadorelin", "bpc-157" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Natural Testosterone Boost", "description": "Stimulates endogenous testosterone production via GnRH-LH axis activation", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Fertility Enhancement", "description": "Restores LH and FSH pulsatility in hypogonadal states", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "HPG Axis Restoration", "description": "May help restart suppressed hormonal axis post-steroid use", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Metabolic Benefits", "description": "Emerging evidence for glucose metabolism regulation", "evidence_level": "preliminary" }, { "title": "Libido Enhancement", "description": "Brain imaging shows activation of sexual arousal centers", "evidence_level": "moderate" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "Kisspeptin-54 triggers LH secretion in healthy men", "journal": "Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism", "year": 2011, "finding": "Single kisspeptin-54 injection caused a 3-fold increase in LH and a significant rise in testosterone in healthy men", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "Kisspeptin restores pulsatile LH in hypothalamic amenorrhea", "journal": "Journal of Clinical Investigation", "year": 2014, "finding": "Kisspeptin restored pulsatile GnRH/LH secretion in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "hormonal", "testosterone", "fertility", "GnRH", "HPG axis" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/kisspeptin", "updated_at": "2025-03-01" }, { "slug": "ghrp-6", "name": "GHRP-6", "aliases": [ "Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-6", "His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2" ], "category": "growth-hormone", "category_label": "Growth Hormone", "summary": "A potent growth hormone releasing peptide that also significantly increases appetite.", "mechanism": "GHRP-6 activates the Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor 1a (GHS-R1a), also known as the ghrelin receptor, in the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus. This triggers a calcium-dependent signaling cascade that stimulates somatotroph cells to release stored GH. GHRP-6 also suppresses somatostatin (the GH-inhibiting hormone), amplifying pulsatile GH release. Its strong activation of hypothalamic GHSR drives appetite stimulation and gastric motility.", "science_score": 3.8, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "research", "half_life": "~15-60 minutes", "administration_routes": [ "Subcutaneous", "Intravenous" ], "typical_dose": "100-300mcg", "typical_frequency": "2-3 times daily (pre-meal or pre-bed)", "typical_cycle": "8-16 weeks", "side_effects": [ "Intense hunger (30 min post-injection)", "Water retention", "Cortisol increase (mild)", "Prolactin increase (mild)", "Tingling/numbness", "Drowsiness" ], "stacks_with": [ "cjc-1295", "ipamorelin", "bpc-157" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Potent GH Release", "description": "One of the strongest growth hormone secretagogues available, increasing GH 3-6x baseline", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Appetite Stimulation", "description": "Strongly increases appetite through ghrelin receptor activation — useful for those needing to eat more", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Muscle Growth", "description": "Promotes lean body mass through elevated GH and IGF-1", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Recovery Enhancement", "description": "Accelerates post-exercise recovery and reduces delayed onset muscle soreness", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Cytoprotection", "description": "Shows protective effects on the heart and liver in animal models", "evidence_level": "preliminary" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "GHRP-6 stimulation of GH release in humans", "journal": "Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism", "year": 1999, "finding": "GHRP-6 produced 5-10x increase in GH levels with robust dose-response relationship", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "Cardioprotective effects of GHRP-6 in ischemia-reperfusion", "journal": "Life Sciences", "year": 2012, "finding": "GHRP-6 reduced myocardial infarct size by 40% in animal models", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "growth hormone", "appetite", "muscle", "ghrelin", "bulking" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/ghrp-6", "updated_at": "2025-03-01" }, { "slug": "ghrp-2", "name": "GHRP-2", "aliases": [ "Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2", "Pralmorelin" ], "category": "growth-hormone", "category_label": "Growth Hormone", "summary": "A growth hormone secretagogue with strong GH release and moderate appetite stimulation.", "mechanism": "GHRP-2 activates the GHS-R1a (ghrelin receptor) in the pituitary and hypothalamus, stimulating GH release through a phospholipase C / IP3 / calcium signaling cascade. It has moderate affinity for the ghrelin receptor — higher than Ipamorelin but lower than GHRP-6 — explaining its intermediate appetite effects. GHRP-2 also mildly suppresses somatostatin and has been shown to increase ACTH and cortisol to a lesser extent than GHRP-6.", "science_score": 3.7, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "research", "half_life": "~25-30 minutes", "administration_routes": [ "Subcutaneous", "Intravenous" ], "typical_dose": "100-300mcg", "typical_frequency": "2-3 times daily", "typical_cycle": "8-16 weeks", "side_effects": [ "Moderate appetite increase", "Mild cortisol elevation", "Mild prolactin elevation", "Water retention (less than GHRP-6)", "Drowsiness" ], "stacks_with": [ "cjc-1295", "ipamorelin", "bpc-157" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Strong GH Release", "description": "Produces robust GH secretion comparable to GHRP-6 with fewer side effects", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Body Recomposition", "description": "Promotes lean mass gain while supporting fat reduction through GH-mediated lipolysis", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Improved Sleep", "description": "Enhances sleep quality through increased deep sleep-phase GH release", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Recovery", "description": "Accelerates recovery from training and minor injuries", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Anti-Aging", "description": "Restores youthful GH pulsatility in aging individuals", "evidence_level": "moderate" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "Pralmorelin: growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 as a diagnostic agent", "journal": "Endocrine Journal", "year": 2009, "finding": "GHRP-2 reliably stimulated GH release across age groups and was approved in Japan for GH deficiency diagnosis", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "Effects of GHRP-2 on GH secretion in elderly subjects", "journal": "Clinical Endocrinology", "year": 2001, "finding": "GHRP-2 restored GH secretion in elderly to near-youthful levels with repeated dosing", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "growth hormone", "muscle", "recovery", "recomposition", "ghrelin" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/ghrp-2", "updated_at": "2025-03-01" }, { "slug": "igf-1-lr3", "name": "IGF-1 LR3", "aliases": [ "Long R3 IGF-1", "Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Long R3" ], "category": "performance", "category_label": "Performance & Recovery", "summary": "A modified insulin-like growth factor with extended half-life for muscle growth and recovery.", "mechanism": "IGF-1 LR3 activates the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), triggering the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling cascade that drives protein synthesis and inhibits protein degradation. The LR3 modification reduces binding to IGFBPs by >100-fold, keeping the peptide in its free (active) form much longer. It promotes muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation (hyperplasia), nutrient partitioning toward muscle, and glucose uptake via GLUT4 translocation. Unlike GH secretagogues, IGF-1 LR3 acts directly at the tissue level.", "science_score": 3.9, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "research", "half_life": "~20-30 hours (vs ~15 minutes for native IGF-1)", "administration_routes": [ "Subcutaneous", "Intramuscular" ], "typical_dose": "20-50mcg", "typical_frequency": "Once daily (post-workout or morning)", "typical_cycle": "4-6 weeks on, 4 weeks off", "side_effects": [ "Hypoglycemia (dose-dependent, can be serious)", "Joint pain", "Jaw growth (prolonged high-dose use)", "Organ growth concerns", "Gut distension at high doses" ], "stacks_with": [ "cjc-1295", "ipamorelin", "peg-mgf" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Potent Muscle Growth", "description": "Promotes muscle hyperplasia (new muscle cell creation) not just hypertrophy", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Enhanced Recovery", "description": "Dramatically accelerates recovery from intense training", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Fat Reduction", "description": "Increases glucose uptake into muscle and away from fat stores", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Extended Activity", "description": "2-3x more potent than native IGF-1 with longer biological activity", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Anti-Catabolic", "description": "Protects muscle tissue from breakdown during caloric deficit", "evidence_level": "moderate" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "IGF-1 LR3 effects on muscle satellite cell proliferation", "journal": "Journal of Cell Science", "year": 2004, "finding": "LR3-IGF-1 significantly enhanced myoblast proliferation and differentiation compared to native IGF-1", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "Systemic administration of IGF-1 LR3 in muscle atrophy models", "journal": "FASEB Journal", "year": 2007, "finding": "IGF-1 LR3 attenuated disuse muscle atrophy by 40-50% in animal models", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "muscle growth", "IGF-1", "performance", "anabolic", "hyperplasia" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/igf-1-lr3", "updated_at": "2025-03-01" }, { "slug": "melanotan-ii", "name": "Melanotan II", "aliases": [ "MT-II", "MT2", "Melanotan 2" ], "category": "skin", "category_label": "Skin & Anti-Aging", "summary": "A melanocortin peptide that stimulates melanin production for skin tanning and affects sexual function.", "mechanism": "Melanotan II is a non-selective melanocortin receptor agonist. MC1R activation on melanocytes stimulates eumelanin production (tanning). MC4R activation in the hypothalamus affects sexual arousal and appetite. MC3R activation contributes to energy homeostasis. It is cyclized for enzymatic stability and has good subcutaneous bioavailability. The broad receptor profile explains its diverse effects but also its side effect burden.", "science_score": 3, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "research", "half_life": "~1-2 hours", "administration_routes": [ "Subcutaneous" ], "typical_dose": "250-500mcg (loading), 100-250mcg (maintenance)", "typical_frequency": "Daily during loading (1-2 weeks), then 1-2x per week", "typical_cycle": "Ongoing as desired", "side_effects": [ "Nausea (common, especially initially)", "Facial flushing", "Mole darkening (potentially dangerous)", "Spontaneous erections", "Fatigue", "Appetite loss" ], "stacks_with": [ "pt-141", "ghk-cu" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Sunless Tanning", "description": "Stimulates melanin production for a deep tan with minimal UV exposure", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "UV Protection", "description": "Increased melanin provides modest natural photoprotection against sun damage", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Sexual Enhancement", "description": "Increases libido and erectile function through MC4R activation in the brain", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Appetite Suppression", "description": "Reduces hunger through melanocortin signaling in hypothalamus", "evidence_level": "moderate" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "Melanotan II: a potent and selective melanocortin agonist", "journal": "Life Sciences", "year": 1996, "finding": "MT-II induced significant skin tanning in human subjects with 5 days of subcutaneous dosing", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "Melanocortin peptides and erectile function", "journal": "Journal of Sexual Medicine", "year": 2008, "finding": "MT-II demonstrated pro-erectile effects in men with erectile dysfunction", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "tanning", "melanin", "skin", "sexual health", "melanocortin" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/melanotan-ii", "updated_at": "2025-03-01" }, { "slug": "nad-plus", "name": "NAD+", "aliases": [ "Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide", "NAD" ], "category": "skin", "category_label": "Skin & Anti-Aging", "summary": "A coenzyme essential for cellular energy production, DNA repair, and anti-aging processes.", "mechanism": "NAD+ serves as an electron carrier in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (Complex I), directly powering ATP synthesis. As a substrate for sirtuins (SIRT1-7), it drives deacetylation reactions that silence inflammatory gene expression, enhance mitochondrial biogenesis, and regulate circadian rhythms. As a PARP substrate, it enables base excision repair of DNA damage. NAD+ also feeds the CD38/cADPR signaling pathway that regulates calcium homeostasis and immune function. Declining NAD+ creates a vicious cycle: less sirtuin activity → more inflammation → more CD38 → even lower NAD+.", "science_score": 4.2, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "research", "half_life": "~1-4 hours (IV); precursors NMN/NR have longer effective windows", "administration_routes": [ "Intravenous", "Subcutaneous", "Oral (precursors: NMN, NR)" ], "typical_dose": "250-750mg IV; 100-500mg subQ; 500-1000mg NMN/NR oral", "typical_frequency": "IV: weekly-monthly; SubQ: 2-3x/week; Oral precursors: daily", "typical_cycle": "Ongoing", "side_effects": [ "Nausea during IV (common)", "Chest tightness during IV", "Flushing", "Mild headache", "Injection site discomfort (subQ)" ], "stacks_with": [ "epitalon", "ss-31", "ghk-cu" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Cellular Energy", "description": "Restores mitochondrial function and ATP production that declines with age", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "DNA Repair", "description": "Activates PARP enzymes that repair damaged DNA, reducing mutation accumulation", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Sirtuin Activation", "description": "Fuels SIRT1-7 longevity proteins that regulate inflammation, metabolism, and gene expression", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Neuroprotection", "description": "Protects neurons and may slow cognitive decline; studied in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's models", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Metabolic Function", "description": "Improves insulin sensitivity, reduces fatty liver, and supports healthy body composition", "evidence_level": "moderate" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "NAD+ repletion improves mitochondrial function in aging", "journal": "Science", "year": 2016, "finding": "NAD+ supplementation restored mitochondrial function and extended healthspan in aged mice", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "First-in-human clinical trial of NMN supplementation", "journal": "Endocrine Journal", "year": 2020, "finding": "Oral NMN was safe and effectively increased blood NAD+ levels in healthy adults", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "NAD+ intermediates and cognitive function", "journal": "Cell Metabolism", "year": 2021, "finding": "NAD+ precursor supplementation improved cognitive performance in elderly subjects in a randomized controlled trial", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "anti-aging", "energy", "cellular health", "longevity", "mitochondria", "sirtuins" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/nad-plus", "updated_at": "2025-03-01" }, { "slug": "peg-mgf", "name": "PEG-MGF", "aliases": [ "PEGylated Mechano-Growth Factor", "PEG-MGF (IGF-1Ec)" ], "category": "performance", "category_label": "Performance & Recovery", "summary": "PEGylated mechano-growth factor that promotes muscle repair and growth after exercise.", "mechanism": "PEG-MGF activates the IGF-1 receptor on muscle satellite cells through its unique E-domain C-terminal peptide, which differs from the Ea variant (systemic IGF-1). This triggers satellite cell proliferation without premature differentiation, expanding the pool of cells available for muscle repair. The PEG moiety prevents rapid degradation by peptidases and reduces binding to IGFBPs, keeping the peptide biologically active in circulation for hours rather than minutes.", "science_score": 3.3, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "research", "half_life": "~30 minutes (non-PEG); ~several hours (PEGylated)", "administration_routes": [ "Intramuscular", "Subcutaneous" ], "typical_dose": "200-400mcg", "typical_frequency": "2-3 times weekly (post-workout)", "typical_cycle": "4-6 weeks on, 4 weeks off", "side_effects": [ "Injection site soreness", "Blood sugar fluctuations", "Possible localized swelling", "Joint discomfort" ], "stacks_with": [ "igf-1-lr3", "cjc-1295", "bpc-157" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Satellite Cell Activation", "description": "Uniquely activates dormant muscle stem cells for new muscle fiber creation", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Post-Exercise Recovery", "description": "Accelerates muscle repair following mechanical damage from training", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Extended Action", "description": "PEGylation extends half-life from minutes to several hours for practical dosing", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Muscle Hypertrophy", "description": "Promotes both hyperplasia and hypertrophy for muscle development", "evidence_level": "preliminary" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "Mechano Growth Factor splicing and muscle satellite cell activation", "journal": "Journal of Cell Science", "year": 2003, "finding": "MGF activated quiescent satellite cells and promoted myoblast proliferation without inducing differentiation", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "PEGylated MGF improves stability and muscle regeneration", "journal": "Growth Hormone & IGF Research", "year": 2009, "finding": "PEG-MGF maintained satellite cell-activating properties with significantly extended biological half-life", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "muscle growth", "recovery", "MGF", "satellite cells", "hyperplasia" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/peg-mgf", "updated_at": "2025-03-01" }, { "slug": "follistatin", "name": "Follistatin", "aliases": [ "FST", "Follistatin-344", "FS-315" ], "category": "performance", "category_label": "Performance & Recovery", "summary": "An activin-binding protein that inhibits myostatin, potentially unlocking muscle growth.", "mechanism": "Follistatin binds directly to myostatin and activin A/B with high affinity, preventing them from binding their receptors (ActRIIB). Without myostatin signaling, the Smad2/3 pathway is derepressed, allowing increased expression of muscle regulatory factors (MyoD, myogenin) and satellite cell proliferation. Follistatin also suppresses activin-mediated fibrosis in injured tissue. FST-344 is the primary isoform; it is cleaved to FS-315 (the circulating form) and FS-288 (the tissue-bound form).", "science_score": 3.5, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "research", "half_life": "~5-6 hours", "administration_routes": [ "Subcutaneous" ], "typical_dose": "100-200mcg", "typical_frequency": "Once daily", "typical_cycle": "10-30 days", "side_effects": [ "Possible reproductive effects (FSH suppression)", "Theoretical organ enlargement with prolonged use", "Limited human safety data", "Joint discomfort" ], "stacks_with": [ "igf-1-lr3", "peg-mgf", "bpc-157" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Myostatin Inhibition", "description": "Binds and neutralizes myostatin, removing the primary brake on muscle growth", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Muscle Growth", "description": "Promotes significant lean muscle mass gains beyond normal physiological limits", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Activin Blockade", "description": "Inhibits activin A, reducing fibrosis and supporting tissue regeneration", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Reproductive Health", "description": "Plays a role in follicular development and reproductive signaling", "evidence_level": "high" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "Follistatin gene therapy for inclusion body myositis", "journal": "Molecular Therapy", "year": 2017, "finding": "AAV-follistatin gene therapy improved muscle mass and function in patients with inclusion body myositis", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "Myostatin/activin pathway in muscle growth regulation", "journal": "Physiological Reviews", "year": 2016, "finding": "Follistatin overexpression produced 100-200% increase in muscle mass in animal models", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "muscle growth", "myostatin", "strength", "TGF-beta", "gene therapy" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/follistatin", "updated_at": "2025-03-01" }, { "slug": "ss-31", "name": "SS-31", "aliases": [ "Elamipretide", "Bendavia", "MTP-131" ], "category": "healing", "category_label": "Healing & Repair", "summary": "A mitochondria-targeted peptide that protects against oxidative damage and improves cellular energy.", "mechanism": "SS-31 penetrates cell membranes and accumulates 1000-5000x in mitochondria due to its cationic charge. It binds to cardiolipin on the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing cytochrome c interactions and the electron transport chain complex. This reduces electron leak and ROS production by up to 45%, improves ATP synthesis efficiency, prevents cardiolipin peroxidation, and stabilizes mitochondrial cristae architecture. SS-31 does not act as a traditional antioxidant scavenger but rather prevents oxidative damage at its source.", "science_score": 3.8, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "research", "half_life": "~2-4 hours", "administration_routes": [ "Subcutaneous", "Intravenous" ], "typical_dose": "10-40mg (clinical trials); 5-20mg (research protocols)", "typical_frequency": "Once daily", "typical_cycle": "4-12 weeks", "side_effects": [ "Injection site reactions", "Headache", "Nausea (mild)", "Limited availability" ], "stacks_with": [ "nad-plus", "epitalon", "bpc-157" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Mitochondrial Restoration", "description": "Directly targets and restores inner mitochondrial membrane function", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Cardioprotection", "description": "Reduces myocardial infarct size and improves cardiac function in heart failure", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Anti-Aging", "description": "Reverses age-related mitochondrial decline and improves cellular energetics", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Kidney Protection", "description": "Protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury in renal tissue", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Exercise Capacity", "description": "Improves exercise tolerance in mitochondrial myopathy patients", "evidence_level": "moderate" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "Elamipretide in primary mitochondrial myopathy: MMPOWER-3 trial", "journal": "Neurology", "year": 2023, "finding": "SS-31 improved 6-minute walk test distance in patients with primary mitochondrial myopathy", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "SS-31 reverses age-related mitochondrial dysfunction", "journal": "Aging Cell", "year": 2020, "finding": "SS-31 treatment reversed mitochondrial age-related changes in cardiac tissue and improved diastolic function in aged mice", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "mitochondria", "energy", "antioxidant", "cardioprotection", "longevity" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/ss-31", "updated_at": "2025-03-01" }, { "slug": "vip", "name": "VIP", "aliases": [ "Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide", "PHM-27" ], "category": "healing", "category_label": "Healing & Repair", "summary": "Vasoactive intestinal peptide with potent anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties.", "mechanism": "VIP signals through two G-protein coupled receptors: VPAC1 (widely expressed) and VPAC2 (concentrated in brain, pancreas, and smooth muscle). Receptor activation increases intracellular cAMP, which inhibits NF-κB nuclear translocation — the master switch for inflammatory gene expression. VIP shifts macrophage polarization from M1 (pro-inflammatory) to M2 (anti-inflammatory), promotes regulatory T-cell differentiation, and inhibits Th1/Th17 inflammatory responses. In the SCN, VIP synchronizes circadian clock gene expression (Per1, Per2, Bmal1) across neuronal networks.", "science_score": 3.6, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "research", "half_life": "~1-2 minutes (rapidly degraded by DPP-IV and NEP)", "administration_routes": [ "Intranasal", "Subcutaneous", "Intravenous", "Inhalation" ], "typical_dose": "50mcg intranasal (per nostril, 4x daily in CIRS protocol)", "typical_frequency": "4 times daily (intranasal) or once daily (subQ)", "typical_cycle": "30+ days (CIRS protocol can be months)", "side_effects": [ "Nasal congestion", "Diarrhea (dose-dependent)", "Hypotension (vasodilation)", "Flushing", "Headache" ], "stacks_with": [ "bpc-157", "thymosin-alpha-1", "ll-37" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Potent Anti-Inflammatory", "description": "Suppresses NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, and other pro-inflammatory cytokines", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "CIRS/Mold Illness Treatment", "description": "Clinical protocol use for Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and biotoxin illness", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Pulmonary Protection", "description": "Reduces pulmonary arterial hypertension and improves respiratory function", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Neuroprotection", "description": "Protects neurons from oxidative stress and neuroinflammation", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Gut Health", "description": "Regulates intestinal motility, secretion, and mucosal immune homeostasis", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Circadian Rhythm Regulation", "description": "Master regulator of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (biological clock)", "evidence_level": "moderate" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "VIP as an anti-inflammatory neuropeptide", "journal": "Current Pharmaceutical Design", "year": 2010, "finding": "VIP demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory effects through NF-κB inhibition and macrophage M2 polarization in multiple inflammatory disease models", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "VIP reduces pulmonary artery pressure in CIRS patients", "journal": "Internal Medicine Review", "year": 2013, "finding": "Intranasal VIP reduced PASP and improved quality of life in CIRS patients after 30 days", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "VIP modulates circadian rhythm gene expression in SCN", "journal": "Nature Neuroscience", "year": 2005, "finding": "VIP signaling through VPAC2 receptors is essential for maintaining coherent circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "anti-inflammatory", "immune", "gut health", "CIRS", "neuroprotection", "circadian rhythm" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/vip", "updated_at": "2025-03-01" }, { "slug": "ll-37", "name": "LL-37", "aliases": [ "Cathelicidin", "hCAP-18 (precursor)", "CAMP" ], "category": "healing", "category_label": "Healing & Repair", "summary": "An antimicrobial peptide that fights infections and modulates the immune response.", "mechanism": "LL-37 is an amphipathic alpha-helical peptide that inserts into bacterial membranes, forming pores that cause rapid cell lysis. Against viruses, it disrupts viral envelopes and interferes with viral entry. Beyond direct killing, LL-37 acts as a chemokine — it recruits immune cells (neutrophils, monocytes, T cells) through FPR2/ALX receptor activation, stimulates mast cell degranulation, enhances macrophage phagocytosis, and promotes dendritic cell maturation. For wound healing, it stimulates VEGF production and keratinocyte/endothelial cell migration. Its anti-biofilm activity works through disruption of the extracellular polymeric matrix.", "science_score": 3.7, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "research", "half_life": "~15-30 minutes (degraded by tissue proteases)", "administration_routes": [ "Subcutaneous", "Topical", "Inhalation" ], "typical_dose": "100-300mcg", "typical_frequency": "Once daily", "typical_cycle": "2-6 weeks", "side_effects": [ "Injection site redness/irritation", "Mild inflammation at site (part of immune activation)", "Possible skin irritation (topical)" ], "stacks_with": [ "bpc-157", "thymosin-alpha-1", "vip" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial", "description": "Kills bacteria, viruses, and fungi through membrane disruption", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Biofilm Disruption", "description": "Breaks down bacterial biofilms that are resistant to conventional antibiotics", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Immune Modulation", "description": "Activates immune cells, promotes chemotaxis, and balances inflammatory responses", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Wound Healing", "description": "Promotes angiogenesis and epithelial cell migration for faster wound closure", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Anti-Cancer Properties", "description": "Cytotoxic to certain cancer cell lines through membrane disruption", "evidence_level": "preliminary" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "LL-37: antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties", "journal": "Nature Reviews Microbiology", "year": 2020, "finding": "LL-37 demonstrated broad antimicrobial activity and complex immunomodulatory functions including chemotaxis, cytokine modulation, and wound healing promotion", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "Cathelicidin LL-37 anti-biofilm activity", "journal": "PLOS Pathogens", "year": 2018, "finding": "LL-37 effectively disrupted pre-formed Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms at sub-MIC concentrations", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "antimicrobial", "immune", "infection", "biofilm", "wound healing" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/ll-37", "updated_at": "2025-03-01" }, { "slug": "tirzepatide", "name": "Tirzepatide", "aliases": [ "Mounjaro", "Zepbound", "LY3298176" ], "category": "weight", "category_label": "Weight & Metabolism", "summary": "A dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist showing even greater weight loss efficacy than semaglutide.", "mechanism": "Tirzepatide activates both GIP and GLP-1 receptors through a single molecule, producing complementary metabolic effects. GLP-1R activation slows gastric emptying, suppresses glucagon, enhances satiety signaling in the hypothalamus, and promotes insulin secretion. GIP receptor activation additionally improves beta-cell function, enhances fat metabolism, and may modulate central appetite regulation through distinct neural pathways. The dual mechanism produces greater weight loss and glycemic improvement than GLP-1 alone. Tirzepatide's 5:1 GIP:GLP-1 receptor affinity ratio uniquely leverages GIP's metabolic contributions.", "science_score": 4.7, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "approved", "half_life": "~5 days", "administration_routes": [ "Subcutaneous" ], "typical_dose": "2.5mg → 5mg → 7.5mg → 10mg → 12.5mg → 15mg (titrated monthly)", "typical_frequency": "Once weekly", "typical_cycle": "Long-term / ongoing", "side_effects": [ "Nausea (common, usually transient)", "Diarrhea", "Vomiting", "Constipation", "Injection site reactions", "Potential pancreatitis risk", "Possible thyroid C-cell tumors (animal data)" ], "stacks_with": [ "semaglutide" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Superior Weight Loss", "description": "Up to 22.5% body weight loss in clinical trials — best of any approved medication", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Glycemic Control", "description": "Dramatically reduces HbA1c in type 2 diabetes (up to 2.4% reduction)", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Cardiovascular Benefits", "description": "Reduces blood pressure, triglycerides, and cardiovascular risk markers", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Insulin Sensitivity", "description": "Improves insulin sensitivity beyond what weight loss alone would explain", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Hepatic Fat Reduction", "description": "Reduces liver fat content by up to 74%, showing promise for NAFLD/NASH", "evidence_level": "moderate" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "SURMOUNT-1: Tirzepatide for obesity", "journal": "New England Journal of Medicine", "year": 2022, "finding": "Tirzepatide 15mg produced 22.5% mean body weight loss vs 2.4% placebo at 72 weeks (p<0.001)", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "SURPASS-2: Tirzepatide vs semaglutide in type 2 diabetes", "journal": "New England Journal of Medicine", "year": 2021, "finding": "Tirzepatide demonstrated superior HbA1c reduction and weight loss compared to semaglutide 1mg in a head-to-head trial", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "Tirzepatide effects on hepatic steatosis", "journal": "Lancet", "year": 2023, "finding": "Tirzepatide reduced liver fat content by up to 74% and resolved NASH in a significant proportion of patients", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "weight loss", "GLP-1", "GIP", "FDA approved", "diabetes", "obesity" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/tirzepatide", "updated_at": "2025-03-01" }, { "slug": "retatrutide", "name": "Retatrutide", "aliases": [ "LY3437943", "GGG Triple Agonist" ], "category": "weight", "category_label": "Weight & Metabolism", "summary": "Triple-agonist peptide targeting GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors for unprecedented weight loss and metabolic improvement.", "mechanism": "Retatrutide is a single-molecule triple agonist that binds GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors. GLP-1 activation suppresses appetite and slows gastric emptying. GIP enhances insulin secretion and may improve fat metabolism. Glucagon receptor activation increases hepatic energy expenditure and promotes lipolysis, creating a synergistic effect that addresses obesity through multiple complementary mechanisms.", "science_score": 4.5, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "experimental", "half_life": "~6 days", "administration_routes": [ "Subcutaneous injection" ], "typical_dose": "4–12 mg (titrated)", "typical_frequency": "Once weekly", "typical_cycle": "Ongoing (under clinical investigation)", "side_effects": [ "Nausea", "Diarrhea", "Vomiting", "Decreased appetite", "Constipation", "Injection site reactions" ], "stacks_with": [ "semaglutide" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Dramatic Weight Loss", "description": "Up to 24% body weight reduction in Phase 2 trials, surpassing all existing GLP-1 therapies.", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Blood Sugar Control", "description": "Significant improvements in HbA1c and fasting glucose levels in participants with type 2 diabetes.", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Liver Fat Reduction", "description": "Substantial reduction in hepatic steatosis, with many participants achieving complete resolution of fatty liver.", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Increased Energy Expenditure", "description": "Glucagon receptor activation may boost resting metabolic rate, contributing to fat loss beyond appetite suppression.", "evidence_level": "moderate" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "Retatrutide Phase 2 Obesity Trial", "journal": "New England Journal of Medicine", "year": 2023, "finding": "Participants receiving retatrutide 12 mg lost up to 24.2% of body weight at 48 weeks, the largest weight reduction reported in any obesity drug trial.", "pubmed_url": "" }, { "title": "Triple Hormone Receptor Agonist in Type 2 Diabetes", "journal": "The Lancet", "year": 2023, "finding": "Retatrutide significantly reduced HbA1c by up to 2.02% and body weight by up to 16.94% in adults with type 2 diabetes over 36 weeks.", "pubmed_url": "" } ], "tags": [ "weight-loss", "GLP-1", "GIP", "glucagon", "triple-agonist", "obesity", "metabolic" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/retatrutide", "updated_at": "2025-06-01" }, { "slug": "oxytocin", "name": "Oxytocin", "aliases": [ "OT", "The Love Hormone", "The Bonding Peptide" ], "category": "cognitive", "category_label": "Cognitive & Nootropic", "summary": "A 9-amino acid neuropeptide that plays a central role in social bonding, trust, mood regulation, and stress resilience.", "mechanism": "Oxytocin binds to the oxytocin receptor (OXTR), a G-protein coupled receptor expressed in the brain, heart, uterus, and other tissues. In the central nervous system, it modulates GABAergic and serotonergic signaling to reduce amygdala reactivity and lower anxiety. It attenuates the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) stress axis by reducing cortisol release. Peripherally, it promotes smooth muscle contraction (uterus, mammary glands) and has anti-inflammatory effects via suppression of IL-6 and TNF-α.", "science_score": 4.8, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "approved", "half_life": "3–5 minutes (IV); ~30 min (intranasal effect duration)", "administration_routes": [ "Intranasal", "Intravenous", "Subcutaneous" ], "typical_dose": "20–40 IU intranasal", "typical_frequency": "Once or twice daily", "typical_cycle": "4–8 weeks (research protocols)", "side_effects": [ "Nasal irritation (intranasal)", "Headache", "Nausea (rare)", "Uterine contractions (high doses)", "Water retention (high doses)", "Emotional sensitivity" ], "stacks_with": [ "selank", "semax", "dsip" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Social Bonding & Trust", "description": "Enhances feelings of trust, empathy, and social connection in interpersonal interactions.", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Anxiety & Stress Reduction", "description": "Attenuates HPA axis activity, reducing cortisol levels and subjective stress.", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Mood Enhancement", "description": "Promotes positive mood states and may support individuals with mood disorders.", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Pain Modulation", "description": "Has analgesic properties, potentially reducing perception of both physical and social pain.", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Wound Healing Support", "description": "Promotes tissue repair and reduces inflammation at wound sites.", "evidence_level": "preliminary" }, { "title": "Sexual Health & Intimacy", "description": "Released during orgasm and physical contact, enhancing pair bonding and sexual satisfaction.", "evidence_level": "high" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "Oxytocin increases trust in humans", "journal": "Nature", "year": 2005, "finding": "Intranasal oxytocin significantly increased trust in a financial trust game, with 45% of oxytocin subjects showing maximal trust vs. 21% in placebo.", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15931222/" }, { "title": "Oxytocin modulates social distance", "journal": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", "year": 2010, "finding": "Intranasal oxytocin increased in-group favoritism and protective behavior, highlighting its nuanced role in social cognition.", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20080721/" }, { "title": "Intranasal oxytocin reduces anxiety in social phobia", "journal": "Neuropsychopharmacology", "year": 2012, "finding": "Single dose of intranasal oxytocin reduced amygdala reactivity and self-reported anxiety in patients with generalized social anxiety disorder.", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22089318/" }, { "title": "Oxytocin and wound healing", "journal": "Progress in Neurobiology", "year": 2019, "finding": "Oxytocin accelerated wound healing in animal models through anti-inflammatory mechanisms and enhanced fibroblast proliferation.", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "social-bonding", "anxiety", "mood", "stress", "trust", "neuropeptide", "intimacy", "healing" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/oxytocin", "updated_at": "2026-04-12" }, { "slug": "mots-c", "name": "MOTS-c", "aliases": [ "Mitochondrial ORF of the Twelve S rRNA Type-c" ], "category": "performance", "category_label": "Performance & Recovery", "summary": "A mitochondrial-derived peptide that acts as an exercise mimetic, improving insulin sensitivity, fat metabolism, and cellular longevity.", "mechanism": "MOTS-c translocates to the nucleus during metabolic stress and regulates nuclear gene expression. It activates AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), the master metabolic sensor, promoting glucose uptake via GLUT4 translocation and fatty acid oxidation. It also inhibits the folate-methionine cycle, affecting methyl donor availability and epigenetic regulation.", "science_score": 4, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "research", "half_life": "~4–6 hours", "administration_routes": [ "Subcutaneous", "Intravenous" ], "typical_dose": "5–10 mg", "typical_frequency": "3–5x per week", "typical_cycle": "4–12 weeks", "side_effects": [ "Injection site reactions", "Mild fatigue (transient)", "Flushing (rare)" ], "stacks_with": [ "ss-31", "nad-plus", "epitalon" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Exercise Mimetic", "description": "Activates AMPK signaling pathways similar to physical exercise, improving metabolic fitness.", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Insulin Sensitivity", "description": "Enhances glucose uptake and improves insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle.", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Fat Metabolism", "description": "Promotes fatty acid oxidation and reduces fat accumulation.", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Longevity Support", "description": "Protects against age-related metabolic decline and cellular senescence.", "evidence_level": "preliminary" }, { "title": "Stress Resilience", "description": "Enhances cellular stress response and mitochondrial function.", "evidence_level": "preliminary" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "MOTS-c: A mitochondrial-encoded signal peptide", "journal": "Cell Metabolism", "year": 2015, "finding": "MOTS-c regulates insulin sensitivity and metabolic homeostasis by targeting the folate cycle and AMPK signaling.", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25738457/" }, { "title": "MOTS-c and exercise-induced myokine signaling", "journal": "Nature Communications", "year": 2020, "finding": "Exercise increases circulating MOTS-c levels, and exogenous MOTS-c improves physical performance in aged mice.", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "Mitochondrial-derived peptides and aging", "journal": "Aging Cell", "year": 2021, "finding": "MOTS-c levels decline with age and correlate with metabolic health markers in human cohorts.", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "longevity", "metabolism", "exercise-mimetic", "AMPK", "mitochondrial", "insulin-sensitivity" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/mots-c", "updated_at": "2026-04-12" }, { "slug": "5-amino-1mq", "name": "5-Amino-1MQ", "aliases": [ "5-Amino-1-methylquinolinium" ], "category": "weight", "category_label": "Weight & Metabolism", "summary": "A small molecule NNMT inhibitor that boosts NAD+ levels, increases fat cell energy expenditure, and promotes weight loss without stimulant effects.", "mechanism": "NNMT is an enzyme that methylates nicotinamide (vitamin B3) using SAM as a methyl donor, producing 1-methylnicotinamide and SAH. By inhibiting NNMT, 5-Amino-1MQ preserves both NAD+ precursors and SAM, increasing intracellular concentrations of these critical metabolic cofactors. This activates sirtuin-dependent metabolic pathways and enhances mitochondrial function in fat cells.", "science_score": 3.5, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "research", "half_life": "~6–12 hours", "administration_routes": [ "Oral", "Subcutaneous" ], "typical_dose": "50–150 mg", "typical_frequency": "Once or twice daily", "typical_cycle": "4–12 weeks", "side_effects": [ "Mild GI discomfort", "Headache (rare)", "Insomnia at high doses (rare)" ], "stacks_with": [ "nad-plus", "aod-9604", "mots-c" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Fat Cell Metabolism", "description": "Increases energy expenditure in adipocytes by boosting NAD+ and SAM levels.", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Weight Loss Support", "description": "Reduces fat mass without stimulant side effects like elevated heart rate.", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "NAD+ Enhancement", "description": "Indirectly boosts NAD+ levels by inhibiting the NAD+-consuming NNMT enzyme.", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Cholesterol Reduction", "description": "May lower total cholesterol through improved lipid metabolism.", "evidence_level": "preliminary" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "NNMT inhibition as anti-obesity therapy", "journal": "Biochemical Pharmacology", "year": 2020, "finding": "5-Amino-1MQ reduced body weight and adipocyte size in diet-induced obese mice without affecting food intake.", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "Small molecule NNMT inhibitors boost NAD+", "journal": "Journal of Medicinal Chemistry", "year": 2018, "finding": "Selective NNMT inhibition increased cellular NAD+ by 2-fold and activated sirtuin-dependent metabolic pathways.", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "fat-loss", "NAD+", "NNMT", "metabolism", "weight-loss", "non-stimulant" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/5-amino-1mq", "updated_at": "2026-04-12" }, { "slug": "dihexa", "name": "Dihexa", "aliases": [ "N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6)-aminohexanoic amide" ], "category": "cognitive", "category_label": "Cognitive & Nootropic", "summary": "An ultra-potent cognitive enhancer derived from angiotensin IV, reported to be 10 million times more potent than BDNF at enhancing synaptic connectivity.", "mechanism": "Dihexa acts as a potent allosteric activator of the HGF/c-Met receptor system. By stabilizing the HGF-c-Met interaction, it amplifies pro-survival, pro-growth signaling cascades (PI3K/Akt, MAPK/ERK) in neurons. This results in enhanced dendritic branching, increased spine density, and improved long-term potentiation (LTP) — the cellular basis of memory formation.", "science_score": 3, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "experimental", "half_life": "~2–4 hours", "administration_routes": [ "Oral", "Subcutaneous", "Intranasal" ], "typical_dose": "10–40 mg (oral); 1–5 mg (intranasal)", "typical_frequency": "Once daily", "typical_cycle": "4–8 weeks", "side_effects": [ "Headache", "Overstimulation", "Insomnia", "Unknown long-term effects", "Theoretical cancer risk (HGF/c-Met stimulation)" ], "stacks_with": [ "semax", "selank", "pe-22-28" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Synaptic Connectivity", "description": "Dramatically enhances dendritic spine formation and synaptic plasticity.", "evidence_level": "preliminary" }, { "title": "Memory Enhancement", "description": "Reversed scopolamine-induced memory deficits in animal models at picomolar concentrations.", "evidence_level": "preliminary" }, { "title": "Neurogenesis", "description": "Promotes growth of new neurons and neural connections via HGF/c-Met pathway.", "evidence_level": "preliminary" }, { "title": "Neuroprotection", "description": "May protect against neurodegenerative damage by enhancing neurotrophic signaling.", "evidence_level": "preliminary" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "Dihexa: A novel cognitive enhancer", "journal": "Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics", "year": 2013, "finding": "Dihexa was 10 million times more potent than BDNF at forming new synaptic connections and reversed cognitive deficits in multiple animal models.", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23303164/" } ], "tags": [ "cognitive", "nootropic", "neurogenesis", "HGF", "memory", "experimental" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/dihexa", "updated_at": "2026-04-12" }, { "slug": "kpv", "name": "KPV", "aliases": [ "Lysine-Proline-Valine", "Alpha-MSH fragment" ], "category": "healing", "category_label": "Healing & Repair", "summary": "A tripeptide derived from alpha-MSH with potent anti-inflammatory properties, particularly studied for gut health and inflammatory bowel conditions.", "mechanism": "KPV enters cells and directly interacts with the NF-κB p65 subunit in the cytoplasm, preventing its nuclear translocation. This blocks transcription of pro-inflammatory genes including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2. Unlike full-length α-MSH, KPV does not activate melanocortin receptors significantly, avoiding tanning and other hormonal effects.", "science_score": 3.8, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "research", "half_life": "~20–30 minutes", "administration_routes": [ "Oral", "Subcutaneous", "Topical" ], "typical_dose": "200–500 mcg", "typical_frequency": "Once or twice daily", "typical_cycle": "4–12 weeks", "side_effects": [ "Minimal reported side effects", "Mild GI changes (transient)", "Injection site irritation (subcutaneous)" ], "stacks_with": [ "bpc-157", "ll-37", "thymulin" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Gut Inflammation Reduction", "description": "Directly suppresses NF-κB in intestinal epithelial cells, reducing gut inflammation.", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Anti-Inflammatory", "description": "Broad anti-inflammatory action via inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB.", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Wound Healing", "description": "Accelerates mucosal healing in the gastrointestinal tract.", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Skin Health", "description": "May reduce skin inflammation in conditions like psoriasis and dermatitis.", "evidence_level": "preliminary" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "KPV inhibits NF-κB in colonic epithelial cells", "journal": "Journal of Biological Chemistry", "year": 2006, "finding": "KPV directly inhibited NF-κB activation in intestinal epithelial cells and reduced colitis severity in animal models.", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "Alpha-MSH peptides in inflammatory bowel disease", "journal": "Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences", "year": 2003, "finding": "α-MSH and its fragments including KPV showed significant anti-inflammatory effects in experimental colitis models.", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "anti-inflammatory", "gut-health", "NF-kB", "IBD", "colitis", "healing" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/kpv", "updated_at": "2026-04-12" }, { "slug": "cerebrolysin", "name": "Cerebrolysin", "aliases": [ "FPF-1070" ], "category": "cognitive", "category_label": "Cognitive & Nootropic", "summary": "A multi-peptide neurotrophic formulation approved in 40+ countries for stroke, TBI, and dementia, with decades of clinical evidence.", "mechanism": "Cerebrolysin contains peptides that mimic NGF, BDNF, and other neurotrophic factors, activating TrkA/TrkB receptor signaling cascades (PI3K/Akt, MAPK/ERK). This promotes neuronal survival, inhibits caspase-dependent apoptosis, enhances synaptic plasticity, and stimulates neurogenesis. It also reduces glutamate excitotoxicity and oxidative stress in damaged neurons.", "science_score": 4.5, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "approved", "half_life": "~30–60 minutes (peptide components)", "administration_routes": [ "Intravenous", "Intramuscular" ], "typical_dose": "5–30 mL IV", "typical_frequency": "Daily (acute) or 3x/week (maintenance)", "typical_cycle": "10–20 days per cycle", "side_effects": [ "Dizziness", "Headache", "Injection site pain", "Nausea", "Agitation (rare)" ], "stacks_with": [ "semax", "selank", "nad-plus" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Stroke Recovery", "description": "Improves neurological outcomes and functional recovery when administered post-stroke.", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Neuroprotection", "description": "Reduces neuronal apoptosis and excitotoxicity through neurotrophic signaling.", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Cognitive Enhancement", "description": "Improves memory and cognitive function in dementia and TBI patients.", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Neuroplasticity", "description": "Promotes synaptic remodeling and dendritic growth in damaged brain tissue.", "evidence_level": "moderate" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "Cerebrolysin in acute ischemic stroke (CASTA trial)", "journal": "Stroke", "year": 2012, "finding": "Cerebrolysin showed trends toward improved neurological outcomes at 90 days in moderate-to-severe stroke patients.", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "Cerebrolysin in Alzheimer's disease", "journal": "Journal of Neural Transmission", "year": 2011, "finding": "Cerebrolysin significantly improved global clinical function and cognitive performance in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's patients.", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "Neurotrophic effects of Cerebrolysin", "journal": "Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience", "year": 2015, "finding": "Enhanced neuroplasticity markers and reduced neuronal death in TBI models.", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "neuroprotection", "stroke", "cognitive", "brain-recovery", "neurotrophic", "dementia" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/cerebrolysin", "updated_at": "2026-04-12" }, { "slug": "humanin", "name": "Humanin", "aliases": [ "HN", "HNG (S14G-Humanin)" ], "category": "cognitive", "category_label": "Cognitive & Nootropic", "summary": "A 24-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide with profound neuroprotective and anti-aging properties, protecting against Alzheimer's and metabolic decline.", "mechanism": "Humanin binds to several receptors including FPRL1 (formyl peptide receptor-like 1), CNTFR/gp130/WSX-1 tripartite receptor complex, and BAX. By binding BAX, it directly inhibits mitochondrial apoptosis. Through STAT3 signaling via the tripartite receptor, it activates cell survival and anti-inflammatory pathways. It also enhances mitochondrial membrane potential and reduces ROS production.", "science_score": 3.8, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "research", "half_life": "~30–60 minutes", "administration_routes": [ "Subcutaneous", "Intravenous" ], "typical_dose": "1–5 mg (HNG analog)", "typical_frequency": "Daily or 3x/week", "typical_cycle": "4–8 weeks", "side_effects": [ "Injection site reactions", "Limited human safety data", "Theoretical immunogenicity" ], "stacks_with": [ "mots-c", "ss-31", "epitalon", "nad-plus" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Neuroprotection", "description": "Protects neurons against amyloid-beta toxicity, oxidative stress, and serum starvation.", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Anti-Aging", "description": "Circulating levels correlate with longevity; supplementation improves age-related biomarkers.", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Metabolic Health", "description": "Improves insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in animal models.", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Cardioprotection", "description": "Reduces cardiac damage and inflammation after ischemia-reperfusion injury.", "evidence_level": "preliminary" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "Humanin prevents apoptotic neuronal death", "journal": "Nature Medicine", "year": 2001, "finding": "Humanin was identified as a survival factor protecting neurons against Alzheimer's-related amyloid-beta toxicity.", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11283671/" }, { "title": "Humanin and aging", "journal": "Aging Cell", "year": 2020, "finding": "Circulating humanin levels decline with age in humans and correlate with improved cognitive and metabolic health in centenarians.", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "longevity", "neuroprotection", "mitochondrial", "anti-aging", "Alzheimer's", "MDP" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/humanin", "updated_at": "2026-04-12" }, { "slug": "tesamorelin", "name": "Tesamorelin", "aliases": [ "Egrifta", "TH9507" ], "category": "growth-hormone", "category_label": "Growth Hormone", "summary": "An FDA-approved GHRH analog that stimulates pulsatile growth hormone release, specifically approved for HIV-associated lipodystrophy and visceral fat reduction.", "mechanism": "Tesamorelin binds to GHRH receptors on pituitary somatotrophs, stimulating the synthesis and pulsatile release of growth hormone. This preserves natural GH pulsatility and negative feedback, unlike exogenous GH. The resulting GH/IGF-1 elevation promotes lipolysis (especially visceral fat), enhances protein synthesis, and may improve insulin sensitivity when visceral fat is reduced.", "science_score": 4.7, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "approved", "half_life": "26–38 minutes", "administration_routes": [ "Subcutaneous" ], "typical_dose": "2 mg", "typical_frequency": "Once daily", "typical_cycle": "Ongoing (per prescriber)", "side_effects": [ "Injection site reactions", "Arthralgia", "Peripheral edema", "Myalgia", "Elevated IGF-1", "Carpal tunnel syndrome (rare)" ], "stacks_with": [ "ipamorelin", "cjc-1295", "sermorelin" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Visceral Fat Reduction", "description": "FDA-approved for reducing abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in HIV lipodystrophy.", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Growth Hormone Release", "description": "Stimulates natural pulsatile GH secretion, maintaining physiologic feedback.", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Body Composition", "description": "Improves lean mass to fat mass ratio and trunk fat reduction.", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Cognitive Benefits", "description": "Emerging evidence for improvements in executive function and verbal memory.", "evidence_level": "preliminary" }, { "title": "Liver Fat Reduction", "description": "May reduce hepatic steatosis (NAFLD) through improved lipid metabolism.", "evidence_level": "moderate" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "Tesamorelin reduces visceral fat in HIV lipodystrophy", "journal": "New England Journal of Medicine", "year": 2010, "finding": "Tesamorelin significantly reduced visceral adipose tissue by 15% vs placebo at 26 weeks, with improvements in trunk fat and patient-reported body image.", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21067384/" }, { "title": "Tesamorelin and hepatic fat", "journal": "The Lancet HIV", "year": 2019, "finding": "Tesamorelin reduced hepatic fat fraction by 37% in HIV-infected patients with NAFLD.", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "Cognitive effects of tesamorelin", "journal": "Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism", "year": 2018, "finding": "Tesamorelin improved executive function and verbal memory scores in healthy older adults.", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "growth-hormone", "GHRH", "fat-loss", "visceral-fat", "FDA-approved", "anti-aging" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/tesamorelin", "updated_at": "2026-04-12" }, { "slug": "gonadorelin", "name": "Gonadorelin", "aliases": [ "GnRH", "LHRH", "Factrel", "Lutrelef" ], "category": "performance", "category_label": "Performance & Recovery", "summary": "A synthetic GnRH analog used to maintain or restore natural testosterone and fertility during or after hormone therapy protocols.", "mechanism": "Gonadorelin binds to GnRH receptors on pituitary gonadotroph cells, triggering the release of stored LH and FSH. Pulsatile administration mimics natural GnRH secretion, maintaining receptor sensitivity. This contrasts with continuous GnRH agonist exposure, which downregulates receptors. The resulting LH stimulates Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone, while FSH drives Sertoli cells and spermatogenesis.", "science_score": 4.5, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "approved", "half_life": "2–4 minutes", "administration_routes": [ "Subcutaneous", "Intravenous" ], "typical_dose": "100–200 mcg", "typical_frequency": "Twice daily (pulsatile)", "typical_cycle": "Ongoing alongside TRT", "side_effects": [ "Injection site reactions", "Headache", "Nausea", "Flushing", "Abdominal discomfort" ], "stacks_with": [ "kisspeptin" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Testosterone Support", "description": "Stimulates natural LH/FSH release, promoting endogenous testosterone production.", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Fertility Preservation", "description": "Maintains spermatogenesis during TRT by keeping the HPG axis active.", "evidence_level": "high" }, { "title": "Testicular Function", "description": "Prevents testicular atrophy associated with exogenous testosterone use.", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Diagnostic Use", "description": "FDA-approved for evaluating pituitary gonadotroph function.", "evidence_level": "high" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "GnRH stimulation testing in male hypogonadism", "journal": "Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism", "year": 2019, "finding": "Pulsatile GnRH therapy successfully restored testosterone levels and fertility in men with hypothalamic hypogonadism.", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "Gonadorelin as hCG alternative during TRT", "journal": "Fertility and Sterility", "year": 2021, "finding": "Gonadorelin maintained LH levels and testicular volume in men on TRT, providing an effective alternative to hCG.", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "testosterone", "fertility", "GnRH", "hormonal", "TRT", "FDA-approved" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/gonadorelin", "updated_at": "2026-04-12" }, { "slug": "thymulin", "name": "Thymulin", "aliases": [ "Facteur Thymique Sérique", "FTS", "Thymulin Zinc Complex" ], "category": "healing", "category_label": "Healing & Repair", "summary": "A thymic peptide that modulates immune cell maturation and function, with emerging applications in immune aging, hair loss, and inflammatory conditions.", "mechanism": "Thymulin binds to specific receptors on T-cell precursors and mature T-cells, promoting their differentiation and functional maturation. It enhances CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratios, modulates cytokine production (IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ), and influences hypothalamic-pituitary function through neuroimmune signaling. The zinc-thymulin complex is the biologically active form.", "science_score": 3.5, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "research", "half_life": "~15–30 minutes", "administration_routes": [ "Subcutaneous", "Topical" ], "typical_dose": "1–5 mg", "typical_frequency": "3–5x per week", "typical_cycle": "4–12 weeks", "side_effects": [ "Injection site irritation", "Mild fatigue", "Limited human safety data" ], "stacks_with": [ "thymosin-alpha-1", "ll-37", "kpv" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Immune Modulation", "description": "Regulates T-cell maturation, differentiation, and immune balance.", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Anti-Inflammatory", "description": "Reduces inflammatory cytokines and modulates neuroimmune pathways.", "evidence_level": "moderate" }, { "title": "Hair Growth", "description": "Topical thymulin has shown efficacy in promoting hair growth in alopecia models.", "evidence_level": "preliminary" }, { "title": "Immune Aging (Immunosenescence)", "description": "May counteract age-related immune decline by restoring thymic function markers.", "evidence_level": "preliminary" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "Thymulin and immune reconstitution", "journal": "Immunology Letters", "year": 2010, "finding": "Thymulin supplementation restored T-cell function markers in aged animal models.", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" }, { "title": "Thymulin promotes hair growth", "journal": "FASEB Journal", "year": 2016, "finding": "Thymulin gene therapy and topical application promoted hair growth in mouse models of alopecia.", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "immune", "thymus", "anti-aging", "hair-growth", "T-cells", "zinc" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/thymulin", "updated_at": "2026-04-12" }, { "slug": "pe-22-28", "name": "PE-22-28", "aliases": [ "Spadin analog", "TREK-1 inhibitor peptide" ], "category": "cognitive", "category_label": "Cognitive & Nootropic", "summary": "A synthetic heptapeptide that inhibits TREK-1 potassium channels, showing rapid antidepressant-like effects and cognitive enhancement in preclinical studies.", "mechanism": "PE-22-28 selectively blocks TREK-1 potassium channels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. TREK-1 normally hyperpolarizes neurons and reduces serotonergic and noradrenergic transmission. By inhibiting TREK-1, PE-22-28 increases neuronal excitability in mood-regulating circuits, enhances serotonin signaling, and promotes BDNF expression and hippocampal neurogenesis.", "science_score": 3, "evidence_level": null, "research_status": "experimental", "half_life": "~1–2 hours", "administration_routes": [ "Intranasal", "Subcutaneous" ], "typical_dose": "100–500 mcg", "typical_frequency": "Once daily", "typical_cycle": "2–6 weeks", "side_effects": [ "Limited safety data", "Potential overstimulation", "Nasal irritation (intranasal)", "Headache" ], "stacks_with": [ "selank", "semax", "dihexa" ], "best_for": null, "beginner_friendly": null, "benefits": [ { "title": "Antidepressant Effects", "description": "Rapid-onset antidepressant-like activity in preclinical models by inhibiting TREK-1 channels.", "evidence_level": "preliminary" }, { "title": "Cognitive Enhancement", "description": "Improves memory consolidation and learning in animal behavioral tests.", "evidence_level": "preliminary" }, { "title": "Neurogenesis", "description": "TREK-1 inhibition promotes hippocampal neurogenesis, supporting long-term brain health.", "evidence_level": "preliminary" }, { "title": "Fast Onset", "description": "Effects appear within days rather than weeks — unlike traditional SSRIs.", "evidence_level": "preliminary" } ], "studies": [ { "title": "Spadin: a new antidepressant strategy targeting TREK-1", "journal": "Nature Neuroscience", "year": 2010, "finding": "Spadin (parent peptide of PE-22-28) blocked TREK-1 channels and produced antidepressant-like effects within 4 days in mice.", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20562869/" }, { "title": "PE-22-28 as a potent TREK-1 blocker", "journal": "British Journal of Pharmacology", "year": 2017, "finding": "PE-22-28 showed 10-fold greater potency than the parent spadin peptide and retained antidepressant and neurogenic properties.", "pubmed_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "tags": [ "antidepressant", "cognitive", "TREK-1", "neurogenesis", "mood", "experimental" ], "profile_url": "https://peptideguidehub.com/peptides/pe-22-28", "updated_at": "2026-04-12" } ] }